Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation.
Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005.[1][2] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations"[3][4] via an enhanced greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward.[5][6] These basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least 30 scientific societies and academies of science,[7] including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.[8][9][10] While individual scientists have voiced disagreement with these findings,[11] the overwhelming majority of scientists working on climate change agree with the IPCC's main conclusions.[12][13]
Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century.[3] This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans.[3]
Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in the intensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and pattern of precipitation, likely leading to an expanse of tropical areas and increased pace of desertification. Other expected effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields, modifications of trade routes, glacier retreat, mass species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.
Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected consequences.
Saturday, October 18, 2008
Barack Obama Biography
Barack Obama Biography - Table of Contents
1. Barack Obama Biography
2. The Obama Economic Plan
3. Top Eight Lies About Obama
4. Michelle Obama-The Woman Beside The Man
5. A Look At Barack Obamas Extended Family
6. Barack Obamas Presidential Campaign - An Overview
7. Barack Obama-The Truth About His Religion
8. Barack Obama Keynote Address
9. Dreams From My Father - Baracks First Book
10. The Audacity Of Hope - Baracks Second Book
11. Barack Obama-Five Of His Most Memorable Speeches
12. Barack Obama's Powerful Ally-Hillary Clinton
13. Frequently Asked Questions
Barack Obama Biography
Barack Obama was born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961, to Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham. His parents met while attending the University of Hawaii, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student. His mother was from heartland-of-the-U.S. Kansas, and his father from Kenya. Barack's parents eventually divorced, and after his mother remarried, he lived in Indonesia for a time before returning to Hawaii to live with his grandparents. He later moved to New York, where he graduated from Columbia University in 1983.
True to the values of empathy and service that his mother instilled in him, Barack put law school on hold after college and moved to Chicago, where he became a community organizer with a church-based group that was dedicated to improving living conditions in poor neighborhoods. For example, helping poor people work with service agencies to get their plumbing and heating fixed and to find jobs for unemployed. It was here that he realized it would take changes in our laws and politics to truly improve the lives of the people in these impoverished neighborhoods. A little known but impressive fact is that when Barack applied to Harvard Law School, he did not even indicate his race on his Harvard application.
Barack earned his law degree from Harvard in 1991, where he became the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. He then returned to Chicago to practice as a civil rights lawyer and teach constitutional law. His advocacy work led him to run for the Illinois State Senate, where he served for eight years beginning in 1996. While in the Illinois State Senate, Barack served as chairman of the Public Health and Welfare Committee. In 2004, well into his U.S. Senate campaign, Barack wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, and became a rising star in U.S. politics. A few months later, he was elected to the U.S. Senate with a landslide 70% of the vote. Four months into his senate career, Time magazine named him "one of the world's most influential people," calling him "one of the most admired politicians in America." Barack formally announced his candidacy for the 2008 presidential election in Springfield, Illinois on February 10, 2007.
Barack is also an accomplished author. His 1995 book, Dreams from My Father, is a memoir of his youth and early career. The book was reprinted in 2004 with a new preface and an annex containing the text of his 2004 Democratic Convention keynote speech. The audio book edition earned Barack the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.
In December 2004, Barack signed a contract to write three more books. The first, The Audacity of Hope, was published in October 2006. The book has remained at or near the top of the New York Times Best Seller list since its publication. It was also the theme of his 2004 keynote address. The second book will be a children's book to be co-written with his wife Michelle and their two daughters, with profits going to charity. The content of the third book has yet to be announced.
In August 2008, Barack was nominated by the Democratic party as their candidate to be President of the United States. Barack selected long-time and well-respected U.S. Senator Joe Biden as his running mate.
$1,000 Tax Cut for Middle Class American FamiliesObama and Biden will cut income taxes by $1,000 for working families, because the economy needs to be revitalized from the bottom up, not top down.
Energy RebatesObama and Biden will enact a windfall profits tax on excessive oil company profits to give American families an immediate $1,000 emergency energy rebate to help families pay rising bills.
Create Jobs through Fair TradeObama and Biden believe that trade with foreign nations should create American jobs, not send them overseas. They will stand firm against agreements that undermine our economic security.
Create 5 Million Green JobsObama and Biden believe that we should invest in innovation and manufacturing jobs in the growing clean energy market, freeing us from our dependence on foreign oil within a decade and creating 5 million green jobs.
New Jobs Through National Infrastructure InvestmentObama and Biden believe that rebuilding our highways, bridges, roads, ports, air, and train systems will create jobs, ensure safety, and bolster our long-term competitiveness.
Technology, Innovation and Creating JobsObama and Biden will increase federal support for research, technology and innovation for companies and universities so that American workers can lead the world in cutting edge jobs and products.
Support Small BusinessObama and Biden will level the playing field for small business by eliminating all capital gains taxes on start-up and small businesses.
LaborObama and Biden will strengthen the ability of workers to organize for good wages, healthcare, and secure pensions. Obama and Biden will fight for passage of the Employee Free Choice Act. Obama and Biden will ensure that labor appointees support workers' rights and will work to ban the permanent replacement of striking workers. Obama and Biden will also increase the minimum wage and make sure it remains a real wage year over year.
Protect Homeownership and Crack Down on Mortgage FraudObama and Biden will crack down on fraudulent brokers and lenders. They will make sure homebuyers have honest and complete information about their mortgage options, and they will give a tax credit to all middle-class homeowners.
Address Predatory Credit Card PracticesObama and Biden will establish a five-star rating system so that every consumer knows the risk involved in credit card borrowing. They will establish a Credit Card Bill of Rights to stop credit card companies from exploiting consumers with unfair practices.
Reform Bankruptcy LawsObama and Biden will reform our bankruptcy laws to protect working people, to ban executive bonuses for bankrupt companies, and to require disclosure of all pension investments.
Work/Family BalanceObama and Biden will help working families by doubling funding for after-school programs, expanding the Family Medical Leave Act. They will provide low-income families with a refundable tax credit to help with their child-care expenses, and encourage flexible work schedules.
1) Barack Obama is "palling around" with terrorists.
ALLEGATION: Obama is sympathetic to domestic terrorists, since his home in Chicago is in the same neighborhood as 60's radical William Ayers and his wife Bernadine Dohrn, and the two have also worked together. Ayers and Dohrn, former members of the radical Weather Underground, a group that carried out a string of bombings of federal buildings, spent 10 years as fugitives before all charges were eventually dropped. Ayers and Dohrn both eventually became professors in Chicago.
FACTS: Starting in 1995, Ayers and Obama worked with the non-profit Chicago Annenberg Challenge on a vast school improvement project, which invited cities to compete for $50 million grants to improve public education. Whle Ayers was working to bring the grant to Chicago, and Obama was recruited onto the board. Additionally, from 1999 through 2001, both Ayers and Obama were board members on the Woods Fund, a charitable foundation that gave money to various causes, including the Trinity United Church that Obama attended and Northwestern University Law Schools' Children and Family Justice Center, where Dohrn worked.
2) Barack Obama takes campaign advice from Fannie Mae executives.
ALLEGATION: John McCain started smearing Barack Obama about ties to Fannie Mae in some of his attack ads. Anonymous smear emails have found a life of their own, following McCain’s lead by fabricating even more connections.
FACTS: The non-partisan fact-check website Snopes.com looked into these allegations and concluded about Fannie Mae executives that "none of them has (or apparently ever had) ongoing roles with the campaign as chief economic advisors."
3) Barack Obama is really a Muslim.
ALLEGATION: This rumor became widespread around the time Obama announced his run for president. The argument was that he attended a Muslim school in his youth and that his father was a radical Muslim. Various photos featuing Obama wearing Muslim-influenced clothing helped fuel this rumor.
FACTS: For more than 20 years Barack Obama has been a Christian, regularly attending Sunday service at the Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. His father was a Muslim at one time, but he eventually became an Atheist. The photos that added fuel to this rumor were of a trip Obama took to Africa in which he posed for a photo wearing the traditional Muslim garb as a sign of respect, not because he is a Muslim.
4) Barack Obama was sworn into office with a Qu'ran, and will do the same if elected president.
ALLEGATION: Barack Obama was sworn into the Senate with his hand on a Qu'ran instead of the Bible.
FACTS: Barack Obama was sworn into office with his hand on his own family Bible. The first Muslim member of congress, Keith Ellison, was elected in November, 2006, and sworn in with his hand on a Qu'ran. Apparently when the media got wind of this story, they began associating it with Barack Obama.
5) Obama attended a Madrassa for four years.
ALLEGATION: While living in Indonesia as a child, Barack Obama attended a Madrassa (Muslim school) for 4 years.
FACTS: Barack Obama has stated that heattended 2 years of Catholic school and two years at a public school in Indonesia. In addition, the school he attended in Jakarta is a public school that has never been a Madrassa.
6) Obama tried to hide his smoking habit.
ALLEGATION: Obama is trying to hide his smoking habit.
FACTS: In December 2005, Obama told the Chicago Tribune that his smoking habit "is an uphill battle". He has never denied that he smokes, but he also doesn't bring it up unless directly asked about it.
7) Barack Obama was involved in a shady land deal.
ALLEGATION: Obama was involved in a questionable real estate transaction
with Tony Rezko.
FACTS: Many articles were written about this real estate transaction. One indicated Obama had "ethics" issues while another ran the caption "BarackWater". These articles never really provided any evidence of wrongdoing on Obama's part. There has yet to be any evidence brought forward to suggest that anything illegal was done.
8) Obama has never introduced a Bill in Congress
ALLEGATION: Former Clinton Advisor and current Fox political Advisor Dick Morris claimed on FOX that Obama has never introduced a Bill in Congress.
FACTS: Prior toDick Morris' statement on December 18, 2006, Obama had been the primary sponsor on 152 Bills. Additionally, more than 14 bills that Obama has sponsored or co-sponsored have become law.
Michelle Obama: The Woman Beside the Man
Michelle Obama is playing a vital role in her husband Barack's campaign for president - but she wasn't always so convinced he should run for president. She had questions and wanted them answered. She wanted to know how the campaign would raise money and what the campaign strategy would be. Once those plans were more concrete, she began to see the possibilities, and set about using her talents to aid her husband's campaign - but not before she negotiated an agreement with him that he would quit smoking in exchange for her support in his presidential bid.
Michelle Obama was born Michelle LaVaughn Robinson on January 17, 1964, to Frasier and Marian Robinson. She was born and raised in Chicago's South Side and went on to attend Princeton University and Harvard Law School. She met Barack Obama when they were the only two African Americans at their law firm (Sidley Austin), where she was assigned to mentor him while he was a summer associate. The couple married in 1992.
Michelle's professional resume includes her time at Sidley Austin, where she worked on marketing and intellectual property, as well as a career in the public sector. In the Chicago city government, she served as an Assistant to the Mayor and Assistant Commissioner of Planning and Development. In 1993, she became Executive Director for the Chicago office of Public Allies, a non-profit organization that encourages young people to work on social issues in nonprofit groups and government agencies. In 1996, Michelle served as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago, where she developed the University's Community Service Center. In 2002, she began working for the University of Chicago Hospitals, first as Executive Director for Community Affairs, and beginning in May 2005, as Vice President for Community and External Affairs. Until recently, Michelle served on the board of TreeHouse Foods, Inc., which is a major Wal-Mart supplier. Following her husband's critical remarks of Wal-Mart, she immediately cut ties with TreeHouse Foods. She also serves on the board of directors of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. She currently does not have a full time job, focusing instead on her husband's presidential bid.
A formidable opponent in her own right, Michelle's determination, wit and strong will make her a force to be reckoned with. Completely at ease talking with crowds, she tirelessly campaigns for her husband and speaks of him and the election issues with passion and courage - and she's not afraid to tell it like she sees it. Asked in February 2008 whether she would support Hillary Clinton if she got the nomination, Michelle responded, "I'd have to think about that. I'd have to think about policies, her approach, her tone." She also added, "You know, everyone in this party is going to work hard for whoever the nominee is." And in a statement she made on February 18, 2008, Michelle remarked, "People in this country are ready for a change, and hungry for a different kind of politics and let me tell you something, for the first time in my adult life, I am really proud of my country because it feels like hope is finally making a comeback." Several political commentators criticized this statement, and the campaign soon issued a statement that "anyone who heard her remarks...would understand that she was commenting on our politics," not on America itself.
Michelle's determination, wit and strong will have also made her a part of pop culture. In May, 2006, Essence magazine named her among "25 of the World's Most Inspiring Women," and in July 2007, Vanity Fair magazine listed her among "10 of the World's Best Dressed People." In September 2007, 02138 magazine listed her 58th of "The Harvard 100," a list of the prior year's most influential Harvard alumni. Not surprisingly, her husband was ranked 4th.
But Michelle's life is not completely consumed by the presidential campaign - she and Barack also try to make sure her children have some stability during this chaotic time. No matter where Michelle is, she tries to fly home each night in order to see her and Barack's two daughters, Malia and Natasha (who are currently being cared for by Michelle's mother) before they go to bed.
It's All Relative: A Look at Barack Obama's Extended Family
Barack Obama's relatives reach far beyond his wife and two daughters who are based in Illinois. In fact, his diverse relatives are scattered all around the globe.
Obama, the Democratic senator from Illinois, is the son of Barack Obama, Sr., a senior economist in the Kenyan government who died in a car accident in 1982. His father grew up in the rural village of Nyangoma Kogalo, which is in Western Kenya near the shores of Lake Victoria. He herded goats before winning a scholarship to study in the US. He is now buried in that same quiet village.
Obama's grandmother, uncle and a handful of cousins still live in and around Nyangoma Kogalo, living the same simple life they have for generations. They do not have a television, but still manage to closely monitor election progress and pray for his victory. His grandmother, affectionately referred to as "Mama Sarah," recently told a CNN reporter, "He's a good listener and if he's given a chance, he will work hard for America." When asked what she thought of Hillary Clinton, Mama Sarah replied with a diplomacy her grandson would be proud of, that the election is a contest and the best man or woman should win.
Another enthusiastic supporter of Barack Obama's presidential campaign is his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng. After Obama's mother divorced Barack Obama Sr., she married Lolo Soetoro and had Maya in Indonesia. They moved to Honolulu where Obama was born
Although they are 9 years apart, the siblings remain close. Maya credits Obama with helping her make good decisions and focusing on her strengths after her father died in 1987 - but she also credits their mother, Ann Dunham, with instilling in Obama a love of public service and community organization. "She was an immense woman, " Maya said of their mother. "She embraced everybody. There was so much good in her that there wasn't any room for smallness or meanness or violence."
Today, Maya is a teacher and professor in Honolulu. She and her husband, Konrad Ng, have a 2-year-old daughter, Suhaila.
Obama On the Issues
Abortion - Obama supports abortion rights. In the Illinois State Senate, he voted against a bill to ban late-term abortions because it did not contain a clause to protect the life of the mother.
Church and State - Obama says he believes in the separation of church and state, but believes it should be guided by a "sense of proportion," saying the Pledge of Allegiance and student prayer groups should enjoy some leeway.
Death Penalty - Obama does not believe the death penalty deters crime, but he supports it for cases in which "the community is justified in expressing the full measure of its outrage."
Education - Obama opposes government vouchers and tax credits for private schooling, believing it would undermine efforts to improve public schools.
Environment - In the U.S. Senate, Obama co-sponsored the Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act, which was designed to cap emissions from industrial plants and oil refineries.
Faith-Based Initiatives - Obama says there is room for faith-based approaches to social problems, believing they may offer unique ways of solving problems.
Gay Marriage - Obama believes that marriage is between a man and a woman. He supports granting civil unions for gay couples and opposed a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. After dodging questions about the morality of homosexuality, he later went on national television to say that he does not believe homosexuals are immoral.
Health Care - When he announced his candidacy, Obama said his goal is to implement universal health care by 2012. He calls universal health care one of the "core values" of the Democratic party.
Immigration - Obama supports immigration reform that strengthens border security while creating a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants already in the country.
Iraq War - Since Obama was not a member of the U.S. Senate in 2002, he did not vote on the authorization of the use of force in Iraq. He has since called the Iraq war a "tragic mistake" and has outlined a plan to bring combat troops home by March of 2008.
Poverty - In the Illinois Senate, Obama helped author the state earned income tax credit, and has supported bills to increase the minimum wage.
Stem Cell Research - Obama supports easing restrictions on embryonic stem cell research. He voted for the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005, which was vetoed by President Bush.
Barack Announces His Candidacy
"It was here, in Springfield, where North, South, East and West come together that I was reminded of the essential decency of the American people - where I came to believe that through this decency, we can build a more hopeful America. And that is why, in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Lincoln once called on a divided house to stand together, where common hopes and common dreams still live, I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for president of the United States of America."
Democratic Senator Barack Obama made this announcement before a cheering crowd in Springfield, Illinois, on February 10, 2007. He told the crowd he would tackle problems like poor schools, economic hardships and oil dependence, and urged the crowd to demand universal health care in America by the end of the president's first term.
Although he hasn't been in Washington long, Obama assured the crowd that he is familiar enough with the city's political machine to understand that change is in order.
If elected, he will become the first African-American president in U.S. history.
Barack Obama: The Truth About His Religion
Barack Obama is a Christian.
Since declaring his candidacy for president, misconceptions about his religion are one point he and his campaign have continually fought to correct. From assertions that he's a Muslim to rumors that he received training in Islam while he lived in Indonesia as a child, these rumors have been used to spark fear about him. And despite Obama's denials, rumors and e-mails about his Muslim and Islamic ties continue to circulate on the Internet. Here are the facts:
Obama's grandfather was a Muslim, but his father was an atheist who did occasionally attend services at a mosque in Indonesia and his mother was agnostic, not practicing any particular religion. Where does that leave Obama? He is a Christian, having attended the same Christian church (Trinity United Church of Christ) for nearly 20 years. And about that rumor that he attended a madrassa as a child in Indonesia? He attended only Catholic and public schools.
While campaigning in the Bible Belt states, Obama stressed that when he was sworn into office, he placed his hand on the family bible, and when he's in the United States Senate, he pledges allegiance to the flag of the United States of America.
But Obama does not turn his back on the places he lived in his youth. In campaign appearances, he regularly mentions his time living and attending school in Indonesia and the fact that his paternal grandfather, a Kenyan farmer, was a Muslim. He uses these facts as part of his position that he is prepared to handle foreign policy and that he would bring a new face to parts of the world where the United States is not popular. In fact, in Clarion, Iowa, Obama stated, "A lot of my knowledge about foreign affairs is not what I just studied in school. It's actually having the knowledge of how ordinary people in these countries live."
Obama has said that he will fight harder against other mischaracterizations about his positions that are being perpetrated by other candidates. But how are the rumors about his religion affecting him? According to David Axelrod, a top Obama strategist, "He genuinely believes...that people want to have a president that the world looks at and says, 'I believe this guy has an understanding of us and how we fit together on the planet.'"
The Audacity of Hope: Obama's 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address
In 2004, Illinois State Senator Barack Obama was running for an open seat on the U.S. Senate. Midway through his campaign, he gave the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in Boston in support of John Kerry. The 20-minute speech quickly elevated him to a nationally known political figure, leaving political analysts to speculate on a future presidential bid. Later that year, he was elected to the U.S. Senate with a landslide 70% of the vote. The text of his address, titled "The Audacity of Hope," follows here.
On behalf of the great state of Illinois, crossroads of a nation, land of Lincoln, let me express my deep gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. Tonight is a particular honor for me because, let's face it, my presence on this stage is pretty unlikely. My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats, went to school in a tin-roof shack. His father, my grandfather, was a cook, a domestic servant.
But my grandfather had larger dreams for his son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in a magical place: America, which stood as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before. While studying here, my father met my mother. She was born in a town on the other side of the world, in Kansas. Her father worked on oil rigs and farms through most of the Depression. The day after Pearl Harbor he signed up for duty, joined Patton's army and marched across Europe. Back home, my grandmother raised their baby and went to work on a bomber assembly line. After the war, they studied on the GI Bill, bought a house through FHA, and moved west in search of opportunity.
And they, too, had big dreams for their daughter, a common dream, born of two continents. My parents shared not only an improbable love; they shared an abiding faith in the possibilities of this nation. They would give me an African name, Barack, or "blessed," believing that in a tolerant America your name is no barrier to success. They imagined me going to the best schools in the land, even though they weren't rich, because in a generous America you don't have to be rich to achieve your potential. They are both passed away now. Yet, I know that, on this night, they look down on me with pride.
I stand here today, grateful for the diversity of my heritage, aware that my parents' dreams live on in my precious daughters. I stand here knowing that my story is part of the larger American story, that I owe a debt to all of those who came before me, and that, in no other country on earth, is my story even possible. Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our nation, not because of the height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the size of our economy. Our pride is based on a very simple premise, summed up in a declaration made over two hundred years ago, "We hold these truths to he self-evident, that all men are created equal. That they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. That among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
That is the true genius of America, a faith in the simple dreams of its people, the insistence on small miracles. That we can tuck in our children at night and know they are fed and clothed and safe from harm. That we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door. That we can have an idea and start our own business without paying a bribe or hiring somebody's son. That we can participate in the political process without fear of retribution, and that our votes will he counted -- or at least, most of the time.
This year, in this election, we are called to reaffirm our values and commitments, to hold them against a hard reality and see how we are measuring up, to the legacy of our forbearers, and the promise of future generations. And fellow Americans -- Democrats, Republicans, Independents -- I say to you tonight: we have more work to do. More to do for the workers I met in Galesburg, Illinois, who are losing their union jobs at the Maytag plant that's moving to Mexico, and now are having to compete with their own children for jobs that pay seven bucks an hour. More to do for the father I met who was losing his job and choking back tears, wondering how he would pay $4,500 a month for the drugs his son needs without the health benefits he counted on. More to do for the young woman in East St. Louis, and thousands more like her, who has the grades, has the drive, has the will, but doesn't have the money to go to college.
Don't get me wrong. The people I meet in small towns and big cities, in diners and office parks, they don't expect government to solve all their problems. They know they have to work hard to get ahead and they want to. Go into the collar counties around Chicago, and people will tell you they don't want their tax money wasted by a welfare agency or the Pentagon. Go into any inner city neighborhood, and folks will tell you that government alone can't teach kids to learn. They know that parents have to parent, that children can't achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white. No, people don't expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life, and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all. They know we can do better. And they want that choice.
In this election, we offer that choice. Our party has chosen a man to lead us who embodies the best this country has to offer. That man is John Kerry. John Kerry understands the ideals of community, faith, and sacrifice, because they've defined his life. From his heroic service in Vietnam to his years as prosecutor and lieutenant governor, through two decades in the United States Senate, he has devoted himself to this country. Again and again, we've seen him make tough choices when easier ones were available. His values and his record affirm what is best in us.
John Kerry believes in an America where hard work is rewarded. So instead of offering tax breaks to companies shipping jobs overseas, he'll offer them to companies creating jobs here at home. John Kerry believes in an America where all Americans can afford the same health coverage our politicians in Washington have for themselves. John Kerry believes in energy independence, so we aren't held hostage to the profits of oil companies or the sabotage of foreign oil fields. John Kerry believes in the constitutional freedoms that have made our country the envy of the world, and he will never sacrifice our basic liberties nor use faith as a wedge to divide us. And John Kerry believes that in a dangerous world, war must be an option, but it should never he the first option.
A while back, I met a young man named Shamus at the VFW Hall in East Moline, Illinois. He was a good-looking kid, six-two or six-three, clear-eyed, with an easy smile. He told me he'd joined the Marines and was heading to Iraq the following week. As I listened to him explain why he'd enlisted, his absolute faith in our country and its leaders, his devotion to duty and service, I thought this young man was all any of us might hope for in a child. But then I asked myself: Are we serving Shamus as well as he was serving us? I thought of more than 900 service men and women, sons and daughters, husbands and wives, friends and neighbors, who will not be returning to their hometowns. I thought of families I had met who were struggling to get by without a loved one's full income, or whose loved ones had returned with a limb missing or with nerves shattered, but who still lacked long-term health benefits because they were reservists. When we send our young men and women into harm's way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they're going, to care for their families while they're gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world.
Now let me be clear. We have real enemies in the world. These enemies must be found. They must be pursued and they must be defeated. John Kerry knows this. And just as Lieutenant Kerry did not hesitate to risk his life to protect the men who served with him in Vietnam, President Kerry will not hesitate one moment to use our military might to keep America safe and secure. John Kerry believes in America. And he knows it's not enough for just some of us to prosper. For alongside our famous individualism, there's another ingredient in the American saga.
A belief that we are connected as one people. If there's a child on the south side of Chicago who can't read, that matters to me, even if it's not my child. If there's a senior citizen somewhere who can't pay for her prescription and has to choose between medicine and the rent, that makes my life poorer, even if it's not my grandmother. If there's an Arab American family being rounded up without benefit of an attorney or due process, that threatens my civil liberties. It's that fundamental belief -- I am my brother's keeper, I am my sister's keeper -- that makes this country work. It's what allows us to pursue our individual dreams, yet still come together as a single American family. "E pluribus unum." Out of many, one.
Yet even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us, the spin masters and negative ad peddlers who embrace the politics of anything goes. Well, I say to them tonight, there's not a liberal America and a conservative America -- there's the United States of America. There's not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America; there's the United States of America. The pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into Red States and Blue States; Red States for Republicans, Blue States for Democrats. But I've got news for them, too. We worship an awesome God in the Blue States, and we don't like federal agents poking around our libraries in the Red States. We coach Little League in the Blue States and have gay friends in the Red States. There are patriots who opposed the war in Iraq and patriots who supported it. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America.
In the end, that's what this election is about. Do we participate in a politics of cynicism or a politics of hope? John Kerry calls on us to hope. John Edwards calls on us to hope. I'm not talking about blind optimism here -- the almost willful ignorance that thinks unemployment will go away if we just don't talk about it, or the health care crisis will solve itself if we just ignore it. No, I'm talking about something more substantial. It's the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a mill worker's son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too. The audacity of hope!
In the end, that is God's greatest gift to us, the bedrock of this nation; the belief in things not seen; the belief that there are better days ahead. I believe we can give our middle class relief and provide working families with a road to opportunity. I believe we can provide jobs to the jobless, homes to the homeless, and reclaim young people in cities across America from violence and despair. I believe that as we stand on the crossroads of history, we can make the right choices, and meet the challenges that face us. America!
Tonight, if you feel the same energy I do, the same urgency I do, the same passion I do, the same hopefulness I do -- if we do what we must do, then I have no doubt that all across the country, from Florida to Oregon, from Washington to Maine, the people will rise up in November, and John Kerry will be sworn in as president, and John Edwards will be sworn in as vice president, and this country will reclaim its promise, and out of this long political darkness a brighter day will come. Thank you and God bless you.
Dreams from My Father
Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance by Barack Obama
Barack Obama's 1995 book, Dreams from My Father, is a memoir about growing up the son of a black African father and caucasian mother, and explores issues of identity, class and race. It also chronicles his early career, and his journey as a young African-American searching to find his place in the world. The book was reprinted in 2004 with a new preface and an annex containing the text of his 2004 Democratic Convention keynote speech. The audio book edition earned Barack the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.
Excerpt from Dreams from My Father:
(From the 2004 Preface)
I know, I have seen, the desperation and disorder of the powerless: how it twists the lives of children on the streets of Jakarta or Nairobi in much the same way as it does the lives of children on Chicago's South Side, how narrow the path is for them between humiliation and untrammeled fury, how easily they slip into violence and despair. I know that the response of the powerful to this disorder -- alternating as it does between a dull complacency and, when the disorder spills out of its proscribed confines, a steady, unthinking application of force, of longer prison sentences and more sophisticated military hardware -- is inadequate to the task. I know that the hardening of lines, the embrace of fundamentalism and tribe, dooms us all.And so what was a more interior, intimate effort on my part, to understand this struggle and to find my place in it, has converged with a broader public debate, a debate in which I am professionally engaged, one that will shape our lives and the lives of our children for many years to come.
Reviews on Dreams from My Father:
"Provocative . . . Persuasively describes the phenomenon of belonging to two different worlds, and thus belonging to neither." - New York Times Book Review"Fluidly, calmly, insightfully, Obama guides us straight to the intersection of the most serious questions of identity, class, and race." - Washington Post Book World"Beautifully crafted . . . moving and candid . . . this book belongs on the shelf beside works like James McBride's The Color of Water and Gregory Howard Williams's Life on the Color Line as a tale of living astride America's racial categories." - Scott Turrow
The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, by Barack Obama
In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope, Barack Obama explores themes he initially raised in his keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. He also shares his personal views on family, faith and values, and his vision for a future that "repairs a political process that is broken." He also writes, with surprising candor, about adjusting to life as a senator, trying to balance the demands of public service with family life, and his own deepening commitment to religion.
The book's title, taken from the keynote address he delivered at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004, was inspired by the phrase, "audacity of hope," which Obama first heard in a sermon by his pastor, the Rev. Jeremiah Wright of Chicago's Trinity United Church of Christ.
Excerpts from The Audacity of Hope:
On his vision of government:
A government that truly represents these Americans - that truly serves these Americans - will require a different kind of politics. That politics will need to reflect our lives as they are actually lived. It won't be pre-packaged, ready to pull off the shelf. It will have to be constructed from the best of our traditions and will have to account for the darker aspects of our past. We will need to understand just how we got to this place, this land of warring factions and tribal hatreds. And we'll need to remind ourselves, despite all our differences, just how much we share: common hopes, common dreams, a bond that will not break.
On his guiding principle:
I find myself returning again and again to my mother's simple principle - 'How would that make you feel?' -- as a guidepost for my politics. It's not a question we ask ourselves enough, I think; as a country, we seem to be suffering from an empathy deficit.
Reviews on The Audacity of Hope:
"The self-portrait is appealing. It presents a man of relative youth yet maturity, a wise observer of the human condition, a figure who possesses perseverance and writing skills that have flashes of grandeur." - New York Times Book Review
"Obama writes convincingly about race as well as the lofty place the Constitution holds in American life, not always an easy pairing for African Americans." - Los Angeles Times
"Drawing on his experiences as a senator and lawyer, a professor and father, a Christian and a skeptic, Obama...highlights the boldness of America's original ideas and reminds readers of the importance of keeping them at the forefront of their daily lives." - Ebony magazine
Barack Obama: Five of His Most Memorable Speeches
Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama has long enjoyed a reputation as a powerful public speaker. From first gaining national attention at the as the keynote speaker at the 2004 Democratic National Convention to his 2008 Democratic National Convention acceptance speech, Obama's words never fail to deliver a powerful message.
Here are links to five of his most powerful speeches:
Barack Obama in Berlin - July 24, 2008Speaking to a crowd of approximately 200,000, Democratic presidential contender Barack Obama emphasizes the theme of freedom, and encourages Europeans and Americans to work together to "defeat terror and dry up the well of extremism that supports it."
Barack Obama 2004 DNC Keynote Address - Boston, MA - July 27, 2004Part 1Part 2Then-Illinois Senate candidate Barack Obama introduces himself to Democrats, giving the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention. He told the story of his working class upbringing and urged the nation to vote for Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry.
Barack Obama Race in America Speech - Philadelphia, PA - March 18, 2008Barack Obama speaks in Philadelphia, PA, on issues of race and recent remarks by his pastor, and of the path by which Americans can work together to achieve a better future.
Barack Obama DNC Acceptance Speech - Denver, CO - August 28, 2008Barack Obama speaks to an audience of 84,000 at Mile High Stadium, on August 28, 2008 in Denver, CO, as he accepted the Democratic nomination for the 2008 presidential election.
Frequently Asked Questions on Barack Obama
Q: Does Barack Obama have any siblings?
A: Obama has a half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng. She is a teacher and professor in Honolulu.
Q: What part does Michelle Obama play in her husband's presidential campaign?
A: Completely at ease talking with crowds, she tirelessly campaigns for her husband and speaks of him and the election issues with passion and courage.
Q: Does Barack Obama have any children?
A: Barack Obama has two daughters, Malia and Natasha. They are currently being cared for by their grandmother, but Michelle Obama tries to fly home every night to tuck them into bed.
Q: Who are Barack Obama's parents?
A: Barack Obama was born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961, to Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham. His parents met while attending the University of Hawaii, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student. Barack's parents eventually divorced, and after his mother remarried, he lived in Indonesia for a time before returning to Hawaii to live with his grandparents. He later moved to New York, where he graduated from Columbia University in 1983.
Q: What is Obama's religion?
A: He is a Christian who has attended Trinity United Church of Christ for nearly 20 years.
Q: Is Barack Obama a Muslim?
A: No, he is not a Muslim, he is a Christian. While his grandfather was a Muslim, and this father an atheist and his mother an agnostic, Barack has been an actively practicing Christian for nearly 20 years, attending Chicago's Trinity United Church of Christ.
Q: What nationality is Barack Obama?
A: He is American, born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961, to Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham. His parents met while attending the University of Hawaii, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student. His mother is from heart land America (Kansas), and his father is from Kenya
1. Barack Obama Biography
2. The Obama Economic Plan
3. Top Eight Lies About Obama
4. Michelle Obama-The Woman Beside The Man
5. A Look At Barack Obamas Extended Family
6. Barack Obamas Presidential Campaign - An Overview
7. Barack Obama-The Truth About His Religion
8. Barack Obama Keynote Address
9. Dreams From My Father - Baracks First Book
10. The Audacity Of Hope - Baracks Second Book
11. Barack Obama-Five Of His Most Memorable Speeches
12. Barack Obama's Powerful Ally-Hillary Clinton
13. Frequently Asked Questions
Barack Obama Biography
Barack Obama was born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961, to Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham. His parents met while attending the University of Hawaii, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student. His mother was from heartland-of-the-U.S. Kansas, and his father from Kenya. Barack's parents eventually divorced, and after his mother remarried, he lived in Indonesia for a time before returning to Hawaii to live with his grandparents. He later moved to New York, where he graduated from Columbia University in 1983.
True to the values of empathy and service that his mother instilled in him, Barack put law school on hold after college and moved to Chicago, where he became a community organizer with a church-based group that was dedicated to improving living conditions in poor neighborhoods. For example, helping poor people work with service agencies to get their plumbing and heating fixed and to find jobs for unemployed. It was here that he realized it would take changes in our laws and politics to truly improve the lives of the people in these impoverished neighborhoods. A little known but impressive fact is that when Barack applied to Harvard Law School, he did not even indicate his race on his Harvard application.
Barack earned his law degree from Harvard in 1991, where he became the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. He then returned to Chicago to practice as a civil rights lawyer and teach constitutional law. His advocacy work led him to run for the Illinois State Senate, where he served for eight years beginning in 1996. While in the Illinois State Senate, Barack served as chairman of the Public Health and Welfare Committee. In 2004, well into his U.S. Senate campaign, Barack wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, and became a rising star in U.S. politics. A few months later, he was elected to the U.S. Senate with a landslide 70% of the vote. Four months into his senate career, Time magazine named him "one of the world's most influential people," calling him "one of the most admired politicians in America." Barack formally announced his candidacy for the 2008 presidential election in Springfield, Illinois on February 10, 2007.
Barack is also an accomplished author. His 1995 book, Dreams from My Father, is a memoir of his youth and early career. The book was reprinted in 2004 with a new preface and an annex containing the text of his 2004 Democratic Convention keynote speech. The audio book edition earned Barack the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.
In December 2004, Barack signed a contract to write three more books. The first, The Audacity of Hope, was published in October 2006. The book has remained at or near the top of the New York Times Best Seller list since its publication. It was also the theme of his 2004 keynote address. The second book will be a children's book to be co-written with his wife Michelle and their two daughters, with profits going to charity. The content of the third book has yet to be announced.
In August 2008, Barack was nominated by the Democratic party as their candidate to be President of the United States. Barack selected long-time and well-respected U.S. Senator Joe Biden as his running mate.
$1,000 Tax Cut for Middle Class American FamiliesObama and Biden will cut income taxes by $1,000 for working families, because the economy needs to be revitalized from the bottom up, not top down.
Energy RebatesObama and Biden will enact a windfall profits tax on excessive oil company profits to give American families an immediate $1,000 emergency energy rebate to help families pay rising bills.
Create Jobs through Fair TradeObama and Biden believe that trade with foreign nations should create American jobs, not send them overseas. They will stand firm against agreements that undermine our economic security.
Create 5 Million Green JobsObama and Biden believe that we should invest in innovation and manufacturing jobs in the growing clean energy market, freeing us from our dependence on foreign oil within a decade and creating 5 million green jobs.
New Jobs Through National Infrastructure InvestmentObama and Biden believe that rebuilding our highways, bridges, roads, ports, air, and train systems will create jobs, ensure safety, and bolster our long-term competitiveness.
Technology, Innovation and Creating JobsObama and Biden will increase federal support for research, technology and innovation for companies and universities so that American workers can lead the world in cutting edge jobs and products.
Support Small BusinessObama and Biden will level the playing field for small business by eliminating all capital gains taxes on start-up and small businesses.
LaborObama and Biden will strengthen the ability of workers to organize for good wages, healthcare, and secure pensions. Obama and Biden will fight for passage of the Employee Free Choice Act. Obama and Biden will ensure that labor appointees support workers' rights and will work to ban the permanent replacement of striking workers. Obama and Biden will also increase the minimum wage and make sure it remains a real wage year over year.
Protect Homeownership and Crack Down on Mortgage FraudObama and Biden will crack down on fraudulent brokers and lenders. They will make sure homebuyers have honest and complete information about their mortgage options, and they will give a tax credit to all middle-class homeowners.
Address Predatory Credit Card PracticesObama and Biden will establish a five-star rating system so that every consumer knows the risk involved in credit card borrowing. They will establish a Credit Card Bill of Rights to stop credit card companies from exploiting consumers with unfair practices.
Reform Bankruptcy LawsObama and Biden will reform our bankruptcy laws to protect working people, to ban executive bonuses for bankrupt companies, and to require disclosure of all pension investments.
Work/Family BalanceObama and Biden will help working families by doubling funding for after-school programs, expanding the Family Medical Leave Act. They will provide low-income families with a refundable tax credit to help with their child-care expenses, and encourage flexible work schedules.
1) Barack Obama is "palling around" with terrorists.
ALLEGATION: Obama is sympathetic to domestic terrorists, since his home in Chicago is in the same neighborhood as 60's radical William Ayers and his wife Bernadine Dohrn, and the two have also worked together. Ayers and Dohrn, former members of the radical Weather Underground, a group that carried out a string of bombings of federal buildings, spent 10 years as fugitives before all charges were eventually dropped. Ayers and Dohrn both eventually became professors in Chicago.
FACTS: Starting in 1995, Ayers and Obama worked with the non-profit Chicago Annenberg Challenge on a vast school improvement project, which invited cities to compete for $50 million grants to improve public education. Whle Ayers was working to bring the grant to Chicago, and Obama was recruited onto the board. Additionally, from 1999 through 2001, both Ayers and Obama were board members on the Woods Fund, a charitable foundation that gave money to various causes, including the Trinity United Church that Obama attended and Northwestern University Law Schools' Children and Family Justice Center, where Dohrn worked.
2) Barack Obama takes campaign advice from Fannie Mae executives.
ALLEGATION: John McCain started smearing Barack Obama about ties to Fannie Mae in some of his attack ads. Anonymous smear emails have found a life of their own, following McCain’s lead by fabricating even more connections.
FACTS: The non-partisan fact-check website Snopes.com looked into these allegations and concluded about Fannie Mae executives that "none of them has (or apparently ever had) ongoing roles with the campaign as chief economic advisors."
3) Barack Obama is really a Muslim.
ALLEGATION: This rumor became widespread around the time Obama announced his run for president. The argument was that he attended a Muslim school in his youth and that his father was a radical Muslim. Various photos featuing Obama wearing Muslim-influenced clothing helped fuel this rumor.
FACTS: For more than 20 years Barack Obama has been a Christian, regularly attending Sunday service at the Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. His father was a Muslim at one time, but he eventually became an Atheist. The photos that added fuel to this rumor were of a trip Obama took to Africa in which he posed for a photo wearing the traditional Muslim garb as a sign of respect, not because he is a Muslim.
4) Barack Obama was sworn into office with a Qu'ran, and will do the same if elected president.
ALLEGATION: Barack Obama was sworn into the Senate with his hand on a Qu'ran instead of the Bible.
FACTS: Barack Obama was sworn into office with his hand on his own family Bible. The first Muslim member of congress, Keith Ellison, was elected in November, 2006, and sworn in with his hand on a Qu'ran. Apparently when the media got wind of this story, they began associating it with Barack Obama.
5) Obama attended a Madrassa for four years.
ALLEGATION: While living in Indonesia as a child, Barack Obama attended a Madrassa (Muslim school) for 4 years.
FACTS: Barack Obama has stated that heattended 2 years of Catholic school and two years at a public school in Indonesia. In addition, the school he attended in Jakarta is a public school that has never been a Madrassa.
6) Obama tried to hide his smoking habit.
ALLEGATION: Obama is trying to hide his smoking habit.
FACTS: In December 2005, Obama told the Chicago Tribune that his smoking habit "is an uphill battle". He has never denied that he smokes, but he also doesn't bring it up unless directly asked about it.
7) Barack Obama was involved in a shady land deal.
ALLEGATION: Obama was involved in a questionable real estate transaction
with Tony Rezko.
FACTS: Many articles were written about this real estate transaction. One indicated Obama had "ethics" issues while another ran the caption "BarackWater". These articles never really provided any evidence of wrongdoing on Obama's part. There has yet to be any evidence brought forward to suggest that anything illegal was done.
8) Obama has never introduced a Bill in Congress
ALLEGATION: Former Clinton Advisor and current Fox political Advisor Dick Morris claimed on FOX that Obama has never introduced a Bill in Congress.
FACTS: Prior toDick Morris' statement on December 18, 2006, Obama had been the primary sponsor on 152 Bills. Additionally, more than 14 bills that Obama has sponsored or co-sponsored have become law.
Michelle Obama: The Woman Beside the Man
Michelle Obama is playing a vital role in her husband Barack's campaign for president - but she wasn't always so convinced he should run for president. She had questions and wanted them answered. She wanted to know how the campaign would raise money and what the campaign strategy would be. Once those plans were more concrete, she began to see the possibilities, and set about using her talents to aid her husband's campaign - but not before she negotiated an agreement with him that he would quit smoking in exchange for her support in his presidential bid.
Michelle Obama was born Michelle LaVaughn Robinson on January 17, 1964, to Frasier and Marian Robinson. She was born and raised in Chicago's South Side and went on to attend Princeton University and Harvard Law School. She met Barack Obama when they were the only two African Americans at their law firm (Sidley Austin), where she was assigned to mentor him while he was a summer associate. The couple married in 1992.
Michelle's professional resume includes her time at Sidley Austin, where she worked on marketing and intellectual property, as well as a career in the public sector. In the Chicago city government, she served as an Assistant to the Mayor and Assistant Commissioner of Planning and Development. In 1993, she became Executive Director for the Chicago office of Public Allies, a non-profit organization that encourages young people to work on social issues in nonprofit groups and government agencies. In 1996, Michelle served as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago, where she developed the University's Community Service Center. In 2002, she began working for the University of Chicago Hospitals, first as Executive Director for Community Affairs, and beginning in May 2005, as Vice President for Community and External Affairs. Until recently, Michelle served on the board of TreeHouse Foods, Inc., which is a major Wal-Mart supplier. Following her husband's critical remarks of Wal-Mart, she immediately cut ties with TreeHouse Foods. She also serves on the board of directors of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. She currently does not have a full time job, focusing instead on her husband's presidential bid.
A formidable opponent in her own right, Michelle's determination, wit and strong will make her a force to be reckoned with. Completely at ease talking with crowds, she tirelessly campaigns for her husband and speaks of him and the election issues with passion and courage - and she's not afraid to tell it like she sees it. Asked in February 2008 whether she would support Hillary Clinton if she got the nomination, Michelle responded, "I'd have to think about that. I'd have to think about policies, her approach, her tone." She also added, "You know, everyone in this party is going to work hard for whoever the nominee is." And in a statement she made on February 18, 2008, Michelle remarked, "People in this country are ready for a change, and hungry for a different kind of politics and let me tell you something, for the first time in my adult life, I am really proud of my country because it feels like hope is finally making a comeback." Several political commentators criticized this statement, and the campaign soon issued a statement that "anyone who heard her remarks...would understand that she was commenting on our politics," not on America itself.
Michelle's determination, wit and strong will have also made her a part of pop culture. In May, 2006, Essence magazine named her among "25 of the World's Most Inspiring Women," and in July 2007, Vanity Fair magazine listed her among "10 of the World's Best Dressed People." In September 2007, 02138 magazine listed her 58th of "The Harvard 100," a list of the prior year's most influential Harvard alumni. Not surprisingly, her husband was ranked 4th.
But Michelle's life is not completely consumed by the presidential campaign - she and Barack also try to make sure her children have some stability during this chaotic time. No matter where Michelle is, she tries to fly home each night in order to see her and Barack's two daughters, Malia and Natasha (who are currently being cared for by Michelle's mother) before they go to bed.
It's All Relative: A Look at Barack Obama's Extended Family
Barack Obama's relatives reach far beyond his wife and two daughters who are based in Illinois. In fact, his diverse relatives are scattered all around the globe.
Obama, the Democratic senator from Illinois, is the son of Barack Obama, Sr., a senior economist in the Kenyan government who died in a car accident in 1982. His father grew up in the rural village of Nyangoma Kogalo, which is in Western Kenya near the shores of Lake Victoria. He herded goats before winning a scholarship to study in the US. He is now buried in that same quiet village.
Obama's grandmother, uncle and a handful of cousins still live in and around Nyangoma Kogalo, living the same simple life they have for generations. They do not have a television, but still manage to closely monitor election progress and pray for his victory. His grandmother, affectionately referred to as "Mama Sarah," recently told a CNN reporter, "He's a good listener and if he's given a chance, he will work hard for America." When asked what she thought of Hillary Clinton, Mama Sarah replied with a diplomacy her grandson would be proud of, that the election is a contest and the best man or woman should win.
Another enthusiastic supporter of Barack Obama's presidential campaign is his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng. After Obama's mother divorced Barack Obama Sr., she married Lolo Soetoro and had Maya in Indonesia. They moved to Honolulu where Obama was born
Although they are 9 years apart, the siblings remain close. Maya credits Obama with helping her make good decisions and focusing on her strengths after her father died in 1987 - but she also credits their mother, Ann Dunham, with instilling in Obama a love of public service and community organization. "She was an immense woman, " Maya said of their mother. "She embraced everybody. There was so much good in her that there wasn't any room for smallness or meanness or violence."
Today, Maya is a teacher and professor in Honolulu. She and her husband, Konrad Ng, have a 2-year-old daughter, Suhaila.
Obama On the Issues
Abortion - Obama supports abortion rights. In the Illinois State Senate, he voted against a bill to ban late-term abortions because it did not contain a clause to protect the life of the mother.
Church and State - Obama says he believes in the separation of church and state, but believes it should be guided by a "sense of proportion," saying the Pledge of Allegiance and student prayer groups should enjoy some leeway.
Death Penalty - Obama does not believe the death penalty deters crime, but he supports it for cases in which "the community is justified in expressing the full measure of its outrage."
Education - Obama opposes government vouchers and tax credits for private schooling, believing it would undermine efforts to improve public schools.
Environment - In the U.S. Senate, Obama co-sponsored the Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act, which was designed to cap emissions from industrial plants and oil refineries.
Faith-Based Initiatives - Obama says there is room for faith-based approaches to social problems, believing they may offer unique ways of solving problems.
Gay Marriage - Obama believes that marriage is between a man and a woman. He supports granting civil unions for gay couples and opposed a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. After dodging questions about the morality of homosexuality, he later went on national television to say that he does not believe homosexuals are immoral.
Health Care - When he announced his candidacy, Obama said his goal is to implement universal health care by 2012. He calls universal health care one of the "core values" of the Democratic party.
Immigration - Obama supports immigration reform that strengthens border security while creating a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants already in the country.
Iraq War - Since Obama was not a member of the U.S. Senate in 2002, he did not vote on the authorization of the use of force in Iraq. He has since called the Iraq war a "tragic mistake" and has outlined a plan to bring combat troops home by March of 2008.
Poverty - In the Illinois Senate, Obama helped author the state earned income tax credit, and has supported bills to increase the minimum wage.
Stem Cell Research - Obama supports easing restrictions on embryonic stem cell research. He voted for the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005, which was vetoed by President Bush.
Barack Announces His Candidacy
"It was here, in Springfield, where North, South, East and West come together that I was reminded of the essential decency of the American people - where I came to believe that through this decency, we can build a more hopeful America. And that is why, in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Lincoln once called on a divided house to stand together, where common hopes and common dreams still live, I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for president of the United States of America."
Democratic Senator Barack Obama made this announcement before a cheering crowd in Springfield, Illinois, on February 10, 2007. He told the crowd he would tackle problems like poor schools, economic hardships and oil dependence, and urged the crowd to demand universal health care in America by the end of the president's first term.
Although he hasn't been in Washington long, Obama assured the crowd that he is familiar enough with the city's political machine to understand that change is in order.
If elected, he will become the first African-American president in U.S. history.
Barack Obama: The Truth About His Religion
Barack Obama is a Christian.
Since declaring his candidacy for president, misconceptions about his religion are one point he and his campaign have continually fought to correct. From assertions that he's a Muslim to rumors that he received training in Islam while he lived in Indonesia as a child, these rumors have been used to spark fear about him. And despite Obama's denials, rumors and e-mails about his Muslim and Islamic ties continue to circulate on the Internet. Here are the facts:
Obama's grandfather was a Muslim, but his father was an atheist who did occasionally attend services at a mosque in Indonesia and his mother was agnostic, not practicing any particular religion. Where does that leave Obama? He is a Christian, having attended the same Christian church (Trinity United Church of Christ) for nearly 20 years. And about that rumor that he attended a madrassa as a child in Indonesia? He attended only Catholic and public schools.
While campaigning in the Bible Belt states, Obama stressed that when he was sworn into office, he placed his hand on the family bible, and when he's in the United States Senate, he pledges allegiance to the flag of the United States of America.
But Obama does not turn his back on the places he lived in his youth. In campaign appearances, he regularly mentions his time living and attending school in Indonesia and the fact that his paternal grandfather, a Kenyan farmer, was a Muslim. He uses these facts as part of his position that he is prepared to handle foreign policy and that he would bring a new face to parts of the world where the United States is not popular. In fact, in Clarion, Iowa, Obama stated, "A lot of my knowledge about foreign affairs is not what I just studied in school. It's actually having the knowledge of how ordinary people in these countries live."
Obama has said that he will fight harder against other mischaracterizations about his positions that are being perpetrated by other candidates. But how are the rumors about his religion affecting him? According to David Axelrod, a top Obama strategist, "He genuinely believes...that people want to have a president that the world looks at and says, 'I believe this guy has an understanding of us and how we fit together on the planet.'"
The Audacity of Hope: Obama's 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address
In 2004, Illinois State Senator Barack Obama was running for an open seat on the U.S. Senate. Midway through his campaign, he gave the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in Boston in support of John Kerry. The 20-minute speech quickly elevated him to a nationally known political figure, leaving political analysts to speculate on a future presidential bid. Later that year, he was elected to the U.S. Senate with a landslide 70% of the vote. The text of his address, titled "The Audacity of Hope," follows here.
On behalf of the great state of Illinois, crossroads of a nation, land of Lincoln, let me express my deep gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. Tonight is a particular honor for me because, let's face it, my presence on this stage is pretty unlikely. My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats, went to school in a tin-roof shack. His father, my grandfather, was a cook, a domestic servant.
But my grandfather had larger dreams for his son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in a magical place: America, which stood as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before. While studying here, my father met my mother. She was born in a town on the other side of the world, in Kansas. Her father worked on oil rigs and farms through most of the Depression. The day after Pearl Harbor he signed up for duty, joined Patton's army and marched across Europe. Back home, my grandmother raised their baby and went to work on a bomber assembly line. After the war, they studied on the GI Bill, bought a house through FHA, and moved west in search of opportunity.
And they, too, had big dreams for their daughter, a common dream, born of two continents. My parents shared not only an improbable love; they shared an abiding faith in the possibilities of this nation. They would give me an African name, Barack, or "blessed," believing that in a tolerant America your name is no barrier to success. They imagined me going to the best schools in the land, even though they weren't rich, because in a generous America you don't have to be rich to achieve your potential. They are both passed away now. Yet, I know that, on this night, they look down on me with pride.
I stand here today, grateful for the diversity of my heritage, aware that my parents' dreams live on in my precious daughters. I stand here knowing that my story is part of the larger American story, that I owe a debt to all of those who came before me, and that, in no other country on earth, is my story even possible. Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our nation, not because of the height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the size of our economy. Our pride is based on a very simple premise, summed up in a declaration made over two hundred years ago, "We hold these truths to he self-evident, that all men are created equal. That they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. That among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
That is the true genius of America, a faith in the simple dreams of its people, the insistence on small miracles. That we can tuck in our children at night and know they are fed and clothed and safe from harm. That we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door. That we can have an idea and start our own business without paying a bribe or hiring somebody's son. That we can participate in the political process without fear of retribution, and that our votes will he counted -- or at least, most of the time.
This year, in this election, we are called to reaffirm our values and commitments, to hold them against a hard reality and see how we are measuring up, to the legacy of our forbearers, and the promise of future generations. And fellow Americans -- Democrats, Republicans, Independents -- I say to you tonight: we have more work to do. More to do for the workers I met in Galesburg, Illinois, who are losing their union jobs at the Maytag plant that's moving to Mexico, and now are having to compete with their own children for jobs that pay seven bucks an hour. More to do for the father I met who was losing his job and choking back tears, wondering how he would pay $4,500 a month for the drugs his son needs without the health benefits he counted on. More to do for the young woman in East St. Louis, and thousands more like her, who has the grades, has the drive, has the will, but doesn't have the money to go to college.
Don't get me wrong. The people I meet in small towns and big cities, in diners and office parks, they don't expect government to solve all their problems. They know they have to work hard to get ahead and they want to. Go into the collar counties around Chicago, and people will tell you they don't want their tax money wasted by a welfare agency or the Pentagon. Go into any inner city neighborhood, and folks will tell you that government alone can't teach kids to learn. They know that parents have to parent, that children can't achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white. No, people don't expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life, and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all. They know we can do better. And they want that choice.
In this election, we offer that choice. Our party has chosen a man to lead us who embodies the best this country has to offer. That man is John Kerry. John Kerry understands the ideals of community, faith, and sacrifice, because they've defined his life. From his heroic service in Vietnam to his years as prosecutor and lieutenant governor, through two decades in the United States Senate, he has devoted himself to this country. Again and again, we've seen him make tough choices when easier ones were available. His values and his record affirm what is best in us.
John Kerry believes in an America where hard work is rewarded. So instead of offering tax breaks to companies shipping jobs overseas, he'll offer them to companies creating jobs here at home. John Kerry believes in an America where all Americans can afford the same health coverage our politicians in Washington have for themselves. John Kerry believes in energy independence, so we aren't held hostage to the profits of oil companies or the sabotage of foreign oil fields. John Kerry believes in the constitutional freedoms that have made our country the envy of the world, and he will never sacrifice our basic liberties nor use faith as a wedge to divide us. And John Kerry believes that in a dangerous world, war must be an option, but it should never he the first option.
A while back, I met a young man named Shamus at the VFW Hall in East Moline, Illinois. He was a good-looking kid, six-two or six-three, clear-eyed, with an easy smile. He told me he'd joined the Marines and was heading to Iraq the following week. As I listened to him explain why he'd enlisted, his absolute faith in our country and its leaders, his devotion to duty and service, I thought this young man was all any of us might hope for in a child. But then I asked myself: Are we serving Shamus as well as he was serving us? I thought of more than 900 service men and women, sons and daughters, husbands and wives, friends and neighbors, who will not be returning to their hometowns. I thought of families I had met who were struggling to get by without a loved one's full income, or whose loved ones had returned with a limb missing or with nerves shattered, but who still lacked long-term health benefits because they were reservists. When we send our young men and women into harm's way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they're going, to care for their families while they're gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world.
Now let me be clear. We have real enemies in the world. These enemies must be found. They must be pursued and they must be defeated. John Kerry knows this. And just as Lieutenant Kerry did not hesitate to risk his life to protect the men who served with him in Vietnam, President Kerry will not hesitate one moment to use our military might to keep America safe and secure. John Kerry believes in America. And he knows it's not enough for just some of us to prosper. For alongside our famous individualism, there's another ingredient in the American saga.
A belief that we are connected as one people. If there's a child on the south side of Chicago who can't read, that matters to me, even if it's not my child. If there's a senior citizen somewhere who can't pay for her prescription and has to choose between medicine and the rent, that makes my life poorer, even if it's not my grandmother. If there's an Arab American family being rounded up without benefit of an attorney or due process, that threatens my civil liberties. It's that fundamental belief -- I am my brother's keeper, I am my sister's keeper -- that makes this country work. It's what allows us to pursue our individual dreams, yet still come together as a single American family. "E pluribus unum." Out of many, one.
Yet even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us, the spin masters and negative ad peddlers who embrace the politics of anything goes. Well, I say to them tonight, there's not a liberal America and a conservative America -- there's the United States of America. There's not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America; there's the United States of America. The pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into Red States and Blue States; Red States for Republicans, Blue States for Democrats. But I've got news for them, too. We worship an awesome God in the Blue States, and we don't like federal agents poking around our libraries in the Red States. We coach Little League in the Blue States and have gay friends in the Red States. There are patriots who opposed the war in Iraq and patriots who supported it. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America.
In the end, that's what this election is about. Do we participate in a politics of cynicism or a politics of hope? John Kerry calls on us to hope. John Edwards calls on us to hope. I'm not talking about blind optimism here -- the almost willful ignorance that thinks unemployment will go away if we just don't talk about it, or the health care crisis will solve itself if we just ignore it. No, I'm talking about something more substantial. It's the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a mill worker's son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too. The audacity of hope!
In the end, that is God's greatest gift to us, the bedrock of this nation; the belief in things not seen; the belief that there are better days ahead. I believe we can give our middle class relief and provide working families with a road to opportunity. I believe we can provide jobs to the jobless, homes to the homeless, and reclaim young people in cities across America from violence and despair. I believe that as we stand on the crossroads of history, we can make the right choices, and meet the challenges that face us. America!
Tonight, if you feel the same energy I do, the same urgency I do, the same passion I do, the same hopefulness I do -- if we do what we must do, then I have no doubt that all across the country, from Florida to Oregon, from Washington to Maine, the people will rise up in November, and John Kerry will be sworn in as president, and John Edwards will be sworn in as vice president, and this country will reclaim its promise, and out of this long political darkness a brighter day will come. Thank you and God bless you.
Dreams from My Father
Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance by Barack Obama
Barack Obama's 1995 book, Dreams from My Father, is a memoir about growing up the son of a black African father and caucasian mother, and explores issues of identity, class and race. It also chronicles his early career, and his journey as a young African-American searching to find his place in the world. The book was reprinted in 2004 with a new preface and an annex containing the text of his 2004 Democratic Convention keynote speech. The audio book edition earned Barack the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.
Excerpt from Dreams from My Father:
(From the 2004 Preface)
I know, I have seen, the desperation and disorder of the powerless: how it twists the lives of children on the streets of Jakarta or Nairobi in much the same way as it does the lives of children on Chicago's South Side, how narrow the path is for them between humiliation and untrammeled fury, how easily they slip into violence and despair. I know that the response of the powerful to this disorder -- alternating as it does between a dull complacency and, when the disorder spills out of its proscribed confines, a steady, unthinking application of force, of longer prison sentences and more sophisticated military hardware -- is inadequate to the task. I know that the hardening of lines, the embrace of fundamentalism and tribe, dooms us all.And so what was a more interior, intimate effort on my part, to understand this struggle and to find my place in it, has converged with a broader public debate, a debate in which I am professionally engaged, one that will shape our lives and the lives of our children for many years to come.
Reviews on Dreams from My Father:
"Provocative . . . Persuasively describes the phenomenon of belonging to two different worlds, and thus belonging to neither." - New York Times Book Review"Fluidly, calmly, insightfully, Obama guides us straight to the intersection of the most serious questions of identity, class, and race." - Washington Post Book World"Beautifully crafted . . . moving and candid . . . this book belongs on the shelf beside works like James McBride's The Color of Water and Gregory Howard Williams's Life on the Color Line as a tale of living astride America's racial categories." - Scott Turrow
The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, by Barack Obama
In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope, Barack Obama explores themes he initially raised in his keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. He also shares his personal views on family, faith and values, and his vision for a future that "repairs a political process that is broken." He also writes, with surprising candor, about adjusting to life as a senator, trying to balance the demands of public service with family life, and his own deepening commitment to religion.
The book's title, taken from the keynote address he delivered at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004, was inspired by the phrase, "audacity of hope," which Obama first heard in a sermon by his pastor, the Rev. Jeremiah Wright of Chicago's Trinity United Church of Christ.
Excerpts from The Audacity of Hope:
On his vision of government:
A government that truly represents these Americans - that truly serves these Americans - will require a different kind of politics. That politics will need to reflect our lives as they are actually lived. It won't be pre-packaged, ready to pull off the shelf. It will have to be constructed from the best of our traditions and will have to account for the darker aspects of our past. We will need to understand just how we got to this place, this land of warring factions and tribal hatreds. And we'll need to remind ourselves, despite all our differences, just how much we share: common hopes, common dreams, a bond that will not break.
On his guiding principle:
I find myself returning again and again to my mother's simple principle - 'How would that make you feel?' -- as a guidepost for my politics. It's not a question we ask ourselves enough, I think; as a country, we seem to be suffering from an empathy deficit.
Reviews on The Audacity of Hope:
"The self-portrait is appealing. It presents a man of relative youth yet maturity, a wise observer of the human condition, a figure who possesses perseverance and writing skills that have flashes of grandeur." - New York Times Book Review
"Obama writes convincingly about race as well as the lofty place the Constitution holds in American life, not always an easy pairing for African Americans." - Los Angeles Times
"Drawing on his experiences as a senator and lawyer, a professor and father, a Christian and a skeptic, Obama...highlights the boldness of America's original ideas and reminds readers of the importance of keeping them at the forefront of their daily lives." - Ebony magazine
Barack Obama: Five of His Most Memorable Speeches
Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama has long enjoyed a reputation as a powerful public speaker. From first gaining national attention at the as the keynote speaker at the 2004 Democratic National Convention to his 2008 Democratic National Convention acceptance speech, Obama's words never fail to deliver a powerful message.
Here are links to five of his most powerful speeches:
Barack Obama in Berlin - July 24, 2008Speaking to a crowd of approximately 200,000, Democratic presidential contender Barack Obama emphasizes the theme of freedom, and encourages Europeans and Americans to work together to "defeat terror and dry up the well of extremism that supports it."
Barack Obama 2004 DNC Keynote Address - Boston, MA - July 27, 2004Part 1Part 2Then-Illinois Senate candidate Barack Obama introduces himself to Democrats, giving the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention. He told the story of his working class upbringing and urged the nation to vote for Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry.
Barack Obama Race in America Speech - Philadelphia, PA - March 18, 2008Barack Obama speaks in Philadelphia, PA, on issues of race and recent remarks by his pastor, and of the path by which Americans can work together to achieve a better future.
Barack Obama DNC Acceptance Speech - Denver, CO - August 28, 2008Barack Obama speaks to an audience of 84,000 at Mile High Stadium, on August 28, 2008 in Denver, CO, as he accepted the Democratic nomination for the 2008 presidential election.
Frequently Asked Questions on Barack Obama
Q: Does Barack Obama have any siblings?
A: Obama has a half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng. She is a teacher and professor in Honolulu.
Q: What part does Michelle Obama play in her husband's presidential campaign?
A: Completely at ease talking with crowds, she tirelessly campaigns for her husband and speaks of him and the election issues with passion and courage.
Q: Does Barack Obama have any children?
A: Barack Obama has two daughters, Malia and Natasha. They are currently being cared for by their grandmother, but Michelle Obama tries to fly home every night to tuck them into bed.
Q: Who are Barack Obama's parents?
A: Barack Obama was born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961, to Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham. His parents met while attending the University of Hawaii, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student. Barack's parents eventually divorced, and after his mother remarried, he lived in Indonesia for a time before returning to Hawaii to live with his grandparents. He later moved to New York, where he graduated from Columbia University in 1983.
Q: What is Obama's religion?
A: He is a Christian who has attended Trinity United Church of Christ for nearly 20 years.
Q: Is Barack Obama a Muslim?
A: No, he is not a Muslim, he is a Christian. While his grandfather was a Muslim, and this father an atheist and his mother an agnostic, Barack has been an actively practicing Christian for nearly 20 years, attending Chicago's Trinity United Church of Christ.
Q: What nationality is Barack Obama?
A: He is American, born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961, to Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham. His parents met while attending the University of Hawaii, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student. His mother is from heart land America (Kansas), and his father is from Kenya
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Juventus F.C.
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Juventus F.C.
Full name
Juventus Football Club S.p.A.
Nickname(s)
La Vecchia Signora[1] (The Old Lady)La Fidanzata d'Italia (The fiance of Italy)I bianconeri (The white-blacks)Le Zebre (The Zebras)
Founded
1 November 1897
Ground
Stadio Olimpico,[2]Turin, Italy(Capacity: 27,500)
Chairman
Giovanni Cobolli Gigli
Head Coach
Claudio Ranieri
League
Serie A
2007-08
Serie A, 3rd
Home colours
Away colours
Current season
Juventus Football Club (BIT: JUVE) (from Latin[3] iuventus: youth, pronounced [juˈvɛntus]), commonly referred to as simply Juventus or Juve, is a football club based in Turin, Italy. Juventus is the most successful team in the history of Italian football.[4] Overall, the club have won 51 official trophies, more than any other Italian team; 40 in Italy, which is also a record,[5] and 11 in European and world competitions.[6] The Old Lady is the third most successful club in Europe and the sixth in the world with the most international titles officially recognised by one of the six continental football confederations[7] and FIFA.[8]
The club was the first Italian and Southern European side to have won the UEFA Cup.[9] In 1985, Juventus, the only team in the world to have won all official international cups and championships[7] (which includes all official European competitions[7] and the Intercontinental Cup),[10] became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major UEFA competitions.[11]
In Italy, Juventus is the club which has the biggest fan base,[12] having also one of the largest numbers of supporters in the world, with a total of 170 million Juventus's tifosi worldwide.[13] The club is a founding member of the European Club Association, which was formed after the dissolution of the G-14, a collection of Europe's most elite clubs.
At present, the bianconeri play their home games at the Stadio Olimpico di Torino. The stadium which the club owns, Stadio delle Alpi is undergoing long-term structural changes[2] and will not be completed for use until 2011.[14][15]
Contents[hide]
1 History
1.1 League dominance
1.2 European stage
1.3 The Lippi era
1.4 Recent times
2 Colors, badge and nicknames
3 Stadia
4 Supporters and rivalries
5 Current squad
5.1 Notable players
6 Presidential history
7 Managerial history
8 Honours
8.1 National titles
8.2 European titles
8.3 World-wide titles
9 Club statistics and records
10 Contribution to the Italian national team
11 Juventus Football Club as a company
11.1 Shirt sponsors and manufacturers
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
//
[edit] History
For more information on this topic, see History of Juventus F.C..
Historic first ever Juventus club shot in 1898.
Juventus were founded as Sport Club Juventus in late 1897 by pupils from the Massimo D'Azeglio Lyceum school in Turin,[16] but were renamed as Football Club Juventus two years later.[17] The club joined the Italian Football Championship during 1900, wearing their original pink and black kit. Juventus first won the league championship in 1905 while playing at their Velodromo Umberto I ground and wearing their famous black and white stripes.[18]
There was a split at the club in 1906, after some of the staff considered moving Juve out of Turin.[19] President Alfredo Dick was unhappy with this and left with some prominent players to found FBC Torino which in turn spawned the Derby della Mole.[20] Juventus spent much of this period steadily rebuilding after the split, surviving the First World War.[18]
[edit] League dominance
Fiat owner Edoardo Agnelli gained control of the club in 1923, building a new stadium.[21] This helped the club to their second league championship by the 1925–26 season beating Alba Roma with an aggregate score of 12–1, Antonio Vojak's goals were essential that season.[18] The 1930s proved to be even more fruitful, the club won five consecutive league titles from 1930 through to 1935, most were under coach Carlo Carcano[18] with star players such as Raimundo Orsi, Luigi Bertolini, Giovanni Ferrari and Luis Monti amongst others.
Juventus had a new ground in the form of the Stadio Comunale, though for the rest of the 1930s and the majority of the 1940s they were unable to recapture championship dominance. After the Second World War, Gianni Agnelli was put in place as honorary president.[21] The club added two more scudetto championship's to their name in the 1949–50 and 1951–52 seasons, the latter of which was under the management of Englishman Jesse Carver.
Sivori, Charles and Boniperti.
Two new strikers were signed during 1957–58, in the form of Welshman John Charles and Italo-Argentine Omar Sivori, playing alongside longtime member Giampiero Boniperti. That season saw Juventus awarded with the Golden Star for Sport Excellence to wear on their shirt after becoming the first Italian side to win ten league titles. In the same season, Omar Sivori became the first ever player at the club to win the European Footballer of the Year.[22] The following season they beat Fiorentina to complete their first league and cup double, winning Serie A and Coppa Italia. Boniperti retired in 1961, he retired as the all-time top scorer at the club, with 182 goals in all competitions; a club record which would last for 45 years.[23]
For the rest of the decade the club won the league just once more in 1966–67,[18] However, the 1970s would see Juventus further solidify their strong position in Italian football. Under former player Čestmír Vycpálek they won the scudetto in 1971–72 and 1972–73,[18] with players such as Roberto Bettega, Franco Causio and José Altafini breaking through. During the rest of the decade they won the league two more times, with defender Gaetano Scirea contributing significantly. The latter of which was won under Giovanni Trapattoni, the man who would help the club's domination continue on in the early part of the 1980s.[24]
[edit] European stage
Michel Platini holding aloft the Ballon d'Or in bianconeri colours.
The Trapattoni-era was highly successful in the 1980s, the Old Lady started the decade off well, winning the league title three more times by 1984.[18] This meant Juventus had won 20 Italian league titles and were allowed to add a second golden star to their shirt, thus becoming the only Italian club to achieve this.[24] Around this time the club's players were garnering attention on a large scale; Paolo Rossi was made European Footballer of the Year and had led Italy to victory in the 1982 FIFA World Cup.[25]
Frenchman Michel Platini was also awarded the European Footballer of the Year title for three years in a row; 1983, 1984 and 1985, which is a record.[22] Juventus are the only club to have players from their club winning the award in four consecutive years.[22] Indeed it was Platini who scored the winning goal in the 1985 European Cup final against Liverpool, however this was marred by a tragedy which would change European football; the Heysel Stadium disaster, in which 39 people (mostly Juventus fans) were killed by the stadium wall collapsing when Liverpool supporters rioted, it has been named "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions"[26] and resulted in the banning of all English clubs from European competition.
With the exception of winning the closely contested Italian Championship of 1985–86, the rest of the 1980s were not very successful for the club. As well as having to contend with Diego Maradona's Napoli, both of the Milanese clubs Milan and Inter won Italian championships.[18] In 1990, Juventus moved into their new home; Stadio delle Alpi which was built for the 1990 World Cup.[27]
[edit] The Lippi era
Marcello Lippi took over as Juventus manager at the start of the 1994–95 campaign.[28] His first season at the helm of the club was a successful one, as Juventus recorded their first Serie A championship title since the mid-1980s.[18] The crop of players during this period featured Ciro Ferrara, Roberto Baggio, Gianluca Vialli and a young Alessandro Del Piero. Lippi lead Juventus to the Champions League the following season, beating Ajax on penalties after a 1–1 draw in which Fabrizio Ravanelli scored for Juve.[29]
Juventus record breaker Alessandro Del Piero.
The club did not rest long after winning the European Cup, more highly regarded players were brought into the fold in the form of Zinédine Zidane, Filippo Inzaghi and Edgar Davids.[30] At home Juventus won Serie A in 1996–97 and 1997–98, as well as the 1996 European Super Cup. Juventus reached the 1997 and 1998 Champions League finals during this period, but lost out to Borussia Dortmund and Real Madrid respectively.[31]
After leaving for a brief season, Lippi returned, signing big name players such as Gianluigi Buffon,[32] David Trézéguet, Pavel Nedvěd and Lilian Thuram, helping the team to two more scudetto titles in the 2001–02 and 2002–03 seasons.[18] Juventus were also part of an all Italian Champions League final in 2003 but lost out to AC Milan on penalties after the game ended in a 0–0 draw. The following year, Lippi was appointed as Italy's head coach, bringing an end to one of the most fruitful managerial spells in Juventus' history.[24]
[edit] Recent times
Fabio Capello became manager of Juventus in 2004, and lead Juventus to two more Serie A titles. But during May 2006, Juventus were one of five clubs linked to a Serie A match fixing scandal, the result of the scandal saw the club relegated to Serie B for the first time in their history, as well as being stripped of the two titles won under Capello.[33]
Many key players were sold, however, other big name players remained to help the club return to Serie A. The season was notable because Alessandro Del Piero broke club records, by becoming the first Juventus player to appear 500 times in all competitions for the club.[34] The bianconeri were promoted straight back up as league winners after the 2006–07 season. Since their return to Serie A in the 2007-08 season former Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri is at the helm of the Old Lady..[35] They finished in 3rd place in their first return season and qualified for the third qualifying round of the 2008/2009 Champions League Preliminary stages.
[edit] Colors, badge and nicknames
Juventus' original home colors.
Juventus have played in black and white striped shirts, with white shorts, sometimes black shorts since 1903. Originally, they played in pink shirts with a black tie, which only occurred due to the wrong shirts being sent to them, the father of one of the players made the earliest shirts, but continual washing faded the color so much that in 1903 the club sought to replace them.[36]
Juventus asked one of their team members, Englishman John Savage, if he had any contacts in England who could supply new shirts in a color that would better withstand the elements. He had a friend who lived in Nottingham, who being a Notts County supporter, shipped out the black and white striped shirts to Turin.[36]
“
Juve have worn the shirts ever since, considering the colors to be aggressive and powerful.[36]
”
Juventus' current third kit.
Juventus Football Club's official emblem has undergone different and small modifications since the second decade of twentieth century. The last modification of the Old Lady's badge took place before 2004–05 season. At the present time, the emblem of the team is conformed to a black-and-white oval shield; a type of Italian shield specially used by ecclesiastics, it is divided in five vertical stripes: two white stripes and three black stripes, inside of this are the following elements; in its superior section, the name of the society superimposed a white convex section, over golden curvature (gold for honour). The white silhouette of a charging bull is in the inferior section of the oval shield, superimposed a black old French shield; the charging bull is a symbol of the Comune di Torino. There is also a black silhouette of a mural crown above the black spherical triangle's base is a reminiscence to "Augusta Tourinorum", the old city of the Roman era which the present capital of Piedmont region is its cultural heiress.
Juventus F.C. crest in 2004.
In the past, the convex section of the emblem had a blue color (another symbol of Turin) and, furthermore, its shape was concave. The old French shield and the mural crown, also in the inferior section of the emblem had, considerably, a greater size with respect to the present. The two Golden Stars for Sport Excellence were located above the convex & concave section of Juventus' emblem. During the 1980s, the club emblem was the silhouette of a zebra, to both sides of the equide's head, the two golden stars and, above this badge, forming an arc, the clubs name.
During its history, the club has acquired a number of nicknames, la Vecchia Signora[1] (the Old Lady) being the best example. The "old" part of the nickname is a pun on Juventus which means "youth" in Latin.[3] It was derived from the age of the Juventus' star players towards the middle of 1930s. The "lady" part of the nickname is what fans of the club referred to it as affectionately prior to the 1930s. The club is also nicknamed la Fidanzata d'Italia (the Girlfriend of Italy), because over the years they have received a high level of support from Southern Italian immigrant workers (particularly from Naples and Palermo), who arrived in Turin to work for Fiat since the 1930s. Other nicknames include; i bianconeri (the black-and-whites) and le zebre (the zebras[37]) in reference to Juventus' colors.
[edit] Stadia
For more details on this topic, see Stadio Olimpico di Torino, Stadio Delle Alpi and Stadio Motovelodromo Umberto I.
Stadio Olimpico di Torino, home ground from 1933 to 1990.
After the first two years (1897 and 1898) in which Juventus played the Parco del Valentino and Parco Cittadella, the matches took place internal Piazza d'Armi Stadium until 1908, except in 1905, the first year of the scudetto, and in 1906, years in which it played quickly Corso Re Umberto.
Later, from 1909 to 1922, Juventus played its internal competitions at Corso Sebastopoli Camp, and then move from the following year until 1933 to Corso Marsiglia Camp, where he won four league titles. At the end of 1933 began to play the new stadium Benito Mussolini (former Stadio Comunale Vittorio Pozzo and finally Stadio Olimpico di Torino), inaugurated in view of the 1934 World Championships. In that stage played 890 league matches for 57 years until 1990.[38] Even then continued to train at this stage, until the City of Turin, in 15 July 2003, gave him a royalty-free basis to Turin, giving the same "Delle Alpi" to the company.[39]
Stadio Delle Alpi, Juventus' home stadium since 1990.
Beginning in 1990 and until the 2005-06 season, the Torinese side has contested all home matches at Stadio Delle Alpi, which was built during the World Cup Italy 1990, although in very rare circumstances, the club instead played some "home" games in other stadia such as Renzo Barbera at Palermo, Dino Manuzzi at Cesena and the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza at Milan.[39]
In August 2006, the bianconeri returned to play in the Stadio Comunale, now with the stage name of Stadio Olimpico, after the restructuring of Stadio Delle Alpi during the Winter Olympic Games, plant able to accommodate 27,500 spectators.
[edit] Supporters and rivalries
For more details on this topic, see Derby della Mole, Derby d'Italia and Juventus Ultras.
Juventus supporters during a match.
Juventus is the most well supported football club in Italy with over 11 million fans (28% of Italian football fans), according to an August 2007 research by Italian newspaper La Repubblica,[12] as well as one of the most supported football clubs in the world, with approximately 170 million supporters[13] (43 million of them in Europe alone),[13] particularly in the Mediterranean countries, to which many Italians have emigrated.[40] The Old Lady has fan clubs all over the world outside of Italy, from places as far apart as Canada,[41] United States,[42] Malta,[43] San Marino,[44] England,[45] Iran,[46] Greece,[47] Israel,[48] Vietnam,[49] Malaysia, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Macedonia, Uruguay and many more.[50]
Despite this strong support, attendances at Juventus home matches average about 22,000, much less than many other highly renowned European teams. Contrastingly, demand for Juventus tickets in occasional home games held away from Turin is high; suggesting that Juventus have stronger support in other parts of the country. Juve is widely and especially popular throughout mainland Southern Italy and Sicily, leading the team to have one of the largest followings in its away matches,[51] more than in Turin itself.
Juventus ultras have good relationships with Piacenza, ADO Den Haag and Legia Warsaw fans and have several rivalries, three of which are highly significant.[52] The first is with local club Torino, they compete in the Derby della Mole (Derby of Torino) together; this rivalry dates back to 1906 when Torino was founded by former Juve members. The other most significant rivalry is with Internazionale; matches between Juventus and Inter are referred to as the Derby d'Italia (Derby of Italy). Up until the 2006 Serie A match-fixing scandal, which saw Juventus relegated, the two were the only Italian clubs to have never played below Serie A. Notably the two sides are the first and the third most supported clubs in Italy and the rivalry has intensified since the later part of the 1990s; reaching its highest levels ever post-Calciopoli, with the return of Juventus to Serie A. They also have a rivalry with ACF Fiorentina[53]
[edit] Current squad
First team squad, as of 1 September 2008 [54]
No.
Position
Player
1
GK
Gianluigi Buffon (vice captain)
3
DF
Giorgio Chiellini
4
DF
Olof Mellberg
5
DF
Jonathan Zebina
6
MF
Cristiano Zanetti
7
MF
Hasan Salihamidžić
8
FW
Amauri
9
FW
Vincenzo Iaquinta
10
FW
Alessandro Del Piero (captain)
11
MF
Pavel Nedvěd (vice captain)
12
GK
Antonio Chimenti
13
GK
Alex Manninger
14
DF
Jorge Andrade
15
DF
Dario Knežević
No.
Position
Player
16
MF
Mauro Camoranesi
17
FW
David Trézéguet
18
MF
Christian Poulsen
19
MF
Claudio Marchisio
20
MF
Sebastian Giovinco
21
DF
Zdeněk Grygera
22
MF
Mohamed Sissoko
27
MF
Albin Ekdal
28
DF
Cristian Molinaro
29
DF
Paolo De Ceglie
30
MF
Tiago
32
MF
Marco Marchionni
33
DF
Nicola Legrottaglie
For all transfers and loans for the current season, see List of Italian football transfers summer 2008.
[edit] Notable players
Main article: List of Juventus F.C. players
For a list of World, European and Olympic winning-footballers with the Italian national teams during their careers at Juventus F.C., see Juventus F.C. and the Italian national football team.
For a list of all former and current Juventus players with a Wikipedia article, see Category:Juventus F.C. players.
[edit] Presidential history
Juventus have had numerous presidents over the course of their history, some of which have been the owners of the club, others have been honorary presidents, here is a complete list of them:[55]
Name
Years
Eugenio Canfari
1897–1898
Enrico Canfari
1898–1901
Carlo Favale
1901–1902
Giacomo Parvopassu
1903–1904
Alfred Dick
1905–1906
Carlo Vittorio Varetti
1907–1910
Attilio Ubertalli
1911–1912
Giuseppe Hess
1913–1915
Gioacchino ArmanoFernando NizzaSandro Zambelli
1915–1918(cpg.)
Corrado Corradini
1919–1920
Gino Olivetti
1920–1923
Edoardo Agnelli
1923–1935
Name
Years
Giovanni Mazzonis
1935–1936
Emilio de la Forest de Divonne
1936–1941
Pietro Dusio
1941–1947
Giovanni Agnelli (Honorary president)
1947–1954
Enrico CraveriNino CravettoMarcello Giustiniani
1954–1955(int.)
Umberto Agnelli
1955–1962
Vittore Catella
1962–1971
Giampiero Boniperti (Honorary president)
1971–1990
Vittorio Caissotti di Chiusano
1990–2003
Franzo Grande Stevens (Honorary president)
2003–2006
Giovanni Cobolli Gigli
2006–present
Legend:(cpg.)Presidential Committee of War.(int.) Presidents on interim charge.
[edit] Managerial history
Below is a list of Juventus managers from 1923 when the Agnelli family took over and the club become more structured and organized,[21] until the present day.[56]
Name
Nationality
Years
Jenő Károly
1923–1926
József Viola
1926(int.)
József Viola
1926–1928
George Aitken
1928–1930
Carlo Carcano
1930–1935
Carlo Bigatto IºBenedetto Gola
1935(int.)
Virginio Rosetta
1935–1939
Umberto Caligaris
1939–1941
Federico Munerati
1941(int.)
Giovanni Ferrari
1941-1942
Luis Monti
/
1942(int.)
Felice Placido Borel IIº
1942–1946
Renato Cesarini
1946–1948
William Chalmers
1948–1949
Jesse Carver
1949–1951
Luigi Bertolini
1951(int.)
György Sárosi
1951–1953
Aldo Olivieri
1953–1955
Sandro Puppo
1955–1957
Ljubiša Broćić
1957–1959
Teobaldo Depetrini
1959(int.)
Renato Cesarini
1959–1961
Carlo Parola
1961(int.)
Name
Nationality
Years
Gunnar GrenJúlius Korostelev
1961(int.)
Carlo Parola
1961–1962
Paulo Lima Amaral
1962–1964
Eraldo Monzeglio
1964(int.)
Heriberto Herrera
1964–1969
Lùis Carniglia
1969–1970
Ercole Rabitti
1970(int.)
Armando Picchi
1970–1971
Čestmír Vycpálek
1971–1974
Carlo Parola
1974–1976
Giovanni Trapattoni
1976–1986
Rino Marchesi
1986–1988
Dino Zoff
1988–1990
Luigi Maifredi
1990–1991
Giovanni Trapattoni
1991–1994
Marcello Lippi
1994–1999
Carlo Ancelotti
1999–2001
Marcello Lippi
2001–2004
Fabio Capello
2004–2006
Didier Deschamps
2006–2007
Giancarlo Corradini
2007(int.)
Claudio Ranieri
2007–present
Legend:(int.) Managers on interim charge.Nationality is indicated by the corresponding FIFA country code(s).
[edit] Honours
Main article: Juventus F.C. honours
Historically, Juventus is the Italy's most successful team, having won a total of 40 trophies,[5] and one of the most prestigious football clubs in the world,[4] having won a total of 11 trophies,[6] making them the third most winning team in Europe and sixth in the world for official international competition won,[8] all recognized by Union of European Football Association and International Federation of Association Football.[6]
The Old Lady has earned the distinction of being allowed to wear a two Golden Stars for Sport Excellence (Stelle d'Oro al Merito Sportivo) on its shirt representing the league's victories of the bianconeri: the tenth, achieved during the 1957–58 season and the twentieth, in 1981–82 season. Juventus, the only football club in the world to have won all official international cups and championships,[7] has received, in recognition to win the three major European club competitions,[11] as first case in the history of the European football, The UEFA Plaque by the Union of European Football Associations in 1987.[57]
The Torinese side was placed 7th -and first between all Italian clubs- in the FIFA Clubs of the 20th Century's selection on 31 December 2000.
[edit] National titles
Serie A / Italian Football Championship: 27 [58] (record).
Winners: 1905; 1925–26;[59] 1930–31; 1931–32; 1932–33; 1933–34; 1934–35; 1949–50; 1951–52; 1957–58; 1959–60; 1960–61; 1966–67; 1971–72; 1972–73; 1974–75; 1976–77; 1977–78; 1980–81; 1981–82; 1983–84; 1985–86; 1994–95; 1996–97; 1997–98; 2001–02; 2002–03
Runners-up (19): 1903; 1904; 1906; 1937–38; 1945–46; 1946–47; 1952–53; 1953–54; 1962–63; 1973–74; 1975–76; 1979–80; 1982–83; 1986–87; 1991–92; 1993–94; 1995–96; 1999–00; 2000–01
Coppa Italia: 9 (record).
Winners: 1937–38; 1941–42; 1958–59; 1959–60; 1964–65; 1978–79; 1982–83; 1989–90; 1994–95
Runners-up (4): 1972–73; 1991–92; 2001–02; 2003–04
Supercoppa Italiana: 4
Winners: 1995; 1997; 2002; 2003
Runners-up (3): 1990; 1998; 2005
Serie B: 1
Winners: 2006–07
[edit] European titles
UEFA Champions League (former European Cup): 2[60]
Winners: 1984–85; 1995–96
Runners-up (5): 1972–73; 1982–83; 1996–97; 1997–98; 2002–03
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
Winners: 1983–84
UEFA Cup: 3[61] (record).
Winners: 1976–77; 1989–90; 1992–93
Runner-up (1): 1994–95
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1[6]
Winners: 1999
European Super Cup: 2[62]
Winners: 1984; 1996
[edit] World-wide titles
Intercontinental Cup: 2[10]
Winners: 1985; 1996
Runners-up (1): 1973
[edit] Club statistics and records
Main article: Juventus F.C. statistics and records
Alessandro Del Piero holds Juventus' official appearance record (560 as of 19 May 2008). He took over from Gaetano Scirea on 6 March 2008 against Palermo. Giampiero Boniperti holds the record for Lega Calcio Serie A appearances with 444.
Including all official competitions, Alessandro Del Piero is the all-time leading goalscorer for Juventus, with 241 goals -as of 19 May 2008- since joining the club in 1993. Giampiero Boniperti, who was the all-time topscorer since 1961 comes in second in all competitions with 182, but is still the top league goalscorer for the Old Lady as of June 2007.[63][64]
In the 1933–34 season, Felice Placido Borel II° scored 31 goals in 34 appearances, setting the club record for Serie A goals in a single season. Ferenc Hirzer is the club's highest scorer in a single season with 35 goals in 26 appearances in the 1925–26 season (record of Italian football). The most goals scored by a player in a single match is 6, which is also an Italian record. This was achieved by Omar Enrique Sivori in a game against Inter in the 1960–61 season.[18]
The first ever official game participated in by Juventus was in the Third Federal Football Championship, the predecessor of Serie A, against FBC Torinese; Juve lost 0–1. The biggest ever victory recorded by Juventus was 15–0 against Cento, in the second round of the Coppa Italia in the 1926–27 season. In terms of the league; ACF Fiorentina and US Fiumana were famously on the end of the Old Lady's biggest championship wins, both were beaten 11–0 and were recorded in the 1928–29 season. Juventus' heaviest championship defeats came during the 1911–12 and 1912–13 seasons; they were against Milan in 1912 (1–8) and Torino Calcio in 1913 (0–8).[18]
The Old Lady holds the record for the most goals in a single season, in the top flight of Italian football, this includes national league, national cup and European competition, with a total of 106 goals in the 1992–93 season. The sale of Zinédine Zidane to Real Madrid of Spain from Juventus in 2001, set the current world football transfer record for the most expensive deal, costing the Spanish club around £46 million.[65]
[edit] Contribution to the Italian national team
For more details on this topic, see Italian national football team.
Main article: Juventus F.C. and the Italian national football team
Overall, Juventus is the club that has contributed the most players to the Italian national team in its history,[66] they are the only Italian club that has contributed players to every Italian national teams since the 2nd FIFA World Cup.[67] Juventus have contributed numerous players to Italy's World Cup campaigns, these successful periods principally have coincided with two golden ages of the Turin club's history, referred as Il Quinquennio d'Oro (The Golden Quinquennium), from 1931 until 1935, and Il Ciclo Leggendario (The Legendary Cycle), from 1972 to 1986.
Below are a list of Juventus players who represented the Italian national team during World Cup winning tournaments;[68]
1934 FIFA World Cup (9); Gianpiero Combi, Virginio Rosetta, Luigi Bertolini, Felice Borel IIº, Umberto Caligaris, Giovanni Ferrari, Luis Monti, Raimundo Orsi and Mario Varglien Iº
1938 FIFA World Cup (2); Alfredo Foni and Pietro Rava
1982 FIFA World Cup (6); Dino Zoff, Antonio Cabrini, Claudio Gentile, Paolo Rossi, Gaetano Scirea and Marco Tardelli
2006 FIFA World Cup (5); Fabio Cannavaro, Gianluigi Buffon, Mauro Camoranesi, Alessandro Del Piero and Gianluca Zambrotta
Two Juventus players have won the golden boot award at the World Cup with Italy; Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990. As well as contributing to Italy's World Cup winning sides, two Juventus players Alfredo Foni and Pietro Rava, represented Italy in the gold medal winning squad at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Three bianconeri players represented their nation during the 1968 European Football Championship win for Italy; Sandro Salvadore, Ernesto Càstano and Giancarlo Bercellino.[69]
Juventus have also contributed to a lesser degree to the national sides of other nations. Zinédine Zidane and captain Didier Deschamps were Juventus players when they won the 1998 World Cup with France, making the total number of Juventus World Cup winners 24, more than any other club around the world (three other players in the 1998 squad, Patrick Vieira, David Trézéguet and Lilian Thuram have all played for Juventus at one time or another). Three Juventus players have also won the European Football Championship with a nation other than Italy, Luis del Sol won it in 1964 with Spain, while the Frenchmen Michel Platini and Zidane won the competition in 1984 and 2000 respectively.[70]
[edit] Juventus Football Club as a company
Since 27 June 1967 Juventus Football Club has been a joint stock company (Società per Azioni in Italian language)[71] and since 3 December 2001 the torinese side is listed on the Borsa Italiana.[72] Currently, the Juventus' shares are distributed between 60% to IFIL Investments S.p.A,[73] the Agnelli family's holding (a company of the Giovanni Agnelli & C.S.a.p.a Group),[74] 7.5% to Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Co.[75] and 32.5% to other shareholders.[75]
Along with Lazio and Roma, the Old Lady is one of only three Italian clubs quotated in Borsa Italiana (Italian stock exchange). According to The Football Money League published by consultants Deloitte, in the season 2005–06, Juventus was the third highest earning football club in the world with an estimated revenue of €251.2 million.[76]
[edit] Shirt sponsors and manufacturers
Period
Kit manufacturer
Shirt sponsor[77]
1979–1989
Kappa
Ariston
1989–1992
Upim
1992–1995
Danone
1995–1998
Sony / Sony Minidisk
1998–1999
D+Libertà digitale / Tele+
1999–2000
CanalSatellite / D+Libertà digitale / Sony
2000–2001
Ciao Web / Lotto
Sportal.com / Tele+
2001–2002
Lotto
FASTWEB / Tu Mobile
2002–2003
FASTWEB / Tamoil
2003–2004
Nike
2004–2005
Sky Sports / Tamoil
2005–2007
Tamoil
2007–present
New Holland (belongs to FIAT)
[edit] See also
Football in Italy
Italian football champions
FIFA Clubs of the 20th Century
International club competition records
UEFA club competition records
List of UEFA club competition winners
Timeline of football
Richest football clubs
[edit] References
^ a b Also Madama in Piedmontese dialect.
^ a b Stadio delle Alpi is undergoing structural changes according to "Stadium Project". juventus.com. Retrieved on 6 February 2006..
^ a b The name "Juventus" is a literal license in Piedmontese dialect of the Latin substantive iuventus (youth in English language).
^ a b "Juventus building bridges in Serie B". fifa.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2006..
^ a b Record for Italian football. The other Italian main clubs, Milan and Inter, have won a total of 45 and 30 official titles, respectively.
^ a b c d "European team profiles: Juventus F.C.". uefa.com. Retrieved on 26 December 2006.
^ a b c d "List of European official clubs' cups and tournaments". uefa.com. Retrieved on 21 August 2006.
^ a b Only Milan (with 18 titles), Boca Juniors (17), Independiente, Real Madrid (both with 15) and Al-Ahly (12) have won more official international titles.
^ "History of the UEFA Cup". uefa.com. Retrieved on 5 April 2008..
^ a b Up until 2004, the main FIFA football competition for clubs was the Intercontinental Cup (so called European / South American Cup); since then, it has been the FIFA Club World Cup.
^ a b The major European competitions are the European Champion Clubs' Cup (or simply European Cup), the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Cup. In the aggregate, the fact to win these three trophies is also known as the "Grand Slam", a feat achieved by only other two clubs since the triumph of the Old Lady in 1985: Ajax Amsterdam in 1992 and Bayern Munich in 1996.
^ a b "Research: Supporters of football clubs in Italy" (in Italian), La Repubblica official website (August 2007).
^ a b c "Juventus Football Club S.p.A: Objectives and Strategies", Juventus.com (October 2007).
^ ""A new stadium for a great Juve"". juventus.com. Retrieved on 6 February 2006..
^ ""Juve's Delle Alpi conundrum"". Channel4.com. Retrieved on 12 February 2008..
^ "History of Juventus", MagicaJuventus.com (8 June 2007).
^ "La Storia della Juventus - 1897-1900", JuventusStory.it (8 June 2007).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Modena, Panini Edizioni (2005). Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004.
^ "La Storia della Juventus - 1905", JuventusStory.it (8 June 2007).
^ "Football Derby matches in Italy", FootballDerbies.com (29 June 2007).
^ a b c "Juventus Football Club: The History", Juventus.com (9 August 2008).
^ a b c "European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")", RSSSF.com (8 June 2007).
^ "Del Piero is the hero again", International Herald Tribune (8 June 2007).
^ a b c "Campionato Serie A - Albo D'oro". Lega Calcio. Retrieved on August, 2007.
^ "Paolo Rossi (Italy)", Planet World Cup (8 June 2007).
^ Quote from UEFA Chief Executive Lars-Christer Olsson in 2004, uefa.com
^ "Juventus - Stadio Delle Alpi", Football.co.uk (8 June 2007).
^ "Lippi stands down as Italy coach", TurkishPress.com (8 June 2007).
^ "Juventus Wins European Cup Final on Penalties", Herald Tribune (8 June 2007).
^ "United's glorious comeback", BBC.co.uk (8 June 2007).
^ "Juventus", European Cup History (8 June 2007).
^ Gianluigi Buffon at UEFA
^ "Italian trio relegated to Serie B", bbc.co.uk (14 July 2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-14.
^ "Del Piero: 500 times Juve!", Channel4.com (8 June 2007).
^ "Ranieri appointed Juventus coach", BBC News (2007-06-04). Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
^ a b c Article "Black & White", Notts County F.C. official website (21 May 2007). Extracts taken from the Official History of Notts County and article kindly reproduced by the Daily Mail.
^ The zebra is Juventus' official mascot because the black and white vertical stripes in its present home jersey and emblem remembered the zebra's stripes.
^ "Juventus places: Olympic Stadium (Stadio Olimpico di Torino)", Juventus.com (12 March 2008).
^ a b "Juventus places: Delle Alpi Stadium (Stadio Delle Alpi)", Juventus.com (12 March 2008).
^ "Napoli: Back where they belong", FIFA official website (2007-06-22).
^ "Juventus Club DOC Toronto "Roberto Bettega"" (in italian), Canadian Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Club Boston", American Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juve "Vero Amore" Supporters Club" (in italian), Maltese Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Club San Marino" (in italian), San Marinian Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Club Londra", English Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Iranian Juventus Fan Club", Iranian Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Gruppo Greco Juventus", Greek Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Club Israel", Hebrew Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Fan Club in Vietnam", Vietnamese Fan Club (2006-06-08).
^ "Centro Coordinamento Juventus Club DOC" (in Italian), Juventusclubdoc.it.
^ "Supporters by region" (in Italian), calcioinborsa.com.
^ "Italian Ultras Scene", View from the Terrace (2007-06-09).
^ "Juve chief: Let's beat Inter", Channel4.com (2007-06-08).
^ "ROSA" (in Italian). Juventus FC. Retrieved on 2008-09-01.
^ (Italian) "List of Juventus F.C. Presidents", Juworld.net (8 June 2007).
^ "List of Juventus F.C. managers", MyJuve.it (25 July 2007).
^ (Italian) "All start 'with a little' poetry". Gazzetta dello Sport's Historical Archive. Retrieved on 24 May 1997.
^ The 2004–05 and 2005–06 Italian League championship titles were stripped as consequence of the 2006 Serie A scandal.
^ Up until 1929, the top division of Italian football was the Federal Football Championship; since then, it has been the Lega Calcio Serie A.
^ Up until 1992, the European football's premier club competition was the European Champion Clubs' Cup; since then, it has been the UEFA Champions League.
^ The European Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (1958–1971) was a football tournament organized by foreign trade fairs in European seven cities (London, Barcelona, Copenhagen, and others) played by professional and –in its first editions- amateur clubs. Along these lines, that's not recognized by the Union of European Football Associations. See: "History of the UEFA Cup". uefa.com. Retrieved on August, 2006..
^ The UEFA Super Cup 1985 final between the Old Lady and Everton, 1984–85 Cup Winners' Cup winners not played due to the Heysel Stadium disaster. See: "History of the UEFA Super Cup". uefa.com. Retrieved on August, 2006..
^ "Giampiero Boniperti playing records", MyJuve.it (8 June 2007).
^ "Alessandro Del Piero playing records", MyJuve.it (8 June 2007).
^ "Zidane - symbol of Real's dream", BBC.co.uk (9 July 2001).
^ "Italian national team: J-L Italian club profiles". Italian national team records & statistics. Retrieved on November, 2006..
^ "Juve players at the World Cup". juventus.com. Retrieved on 7 July 2006..
^ "Italian National Team Honours - Club Contributions", Forza Azzurri (8 June 2007).
^ "European Championship 1968 - Details Final Tournament", RSSSF.com (8 June 2007).
^ "European Championship", RSSSF.com (8 June 2007).
^ (Italian) "Juventus F.C. S.p.A: Company information (.PDF Archive, page 53)", Consob official website (24 May 2007).
^ (Italian) "IPO: Juventus Football Club", Borsa italiana official website (31 March 2007).
^ "IFIL Portfolio Structure", IFIL Investments S.p.A official website (31 March 2007).
^ "IFIL in the Agnelli Group", IFIL Investments S.p.A official website (31 March 2007).
^ a b (Italian) "Borsa italiana profiles: Juventus Football Club (.PDF Archive)" (PDF), Borsa italiana official website (31 March 2007).
^ "Real Madrid stays at the top", Deloitte UK (8 June 2007).
^ "Juventus: facts, figures", Juventuz.com (8 June 2007).
[edit] External links
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Juventus F.C.
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"Juventus" redirects here. For other uses, see Juventus (disambiguation).
Juventus F.C.
Full name
Juventus Football Club S.p.A.
Nickname(s)
La Vecchia Signora[1] (The Old Lady)La Fidanzata d'Italia (The fiance of Italy)I bianconeri (The white-blacks)Le Zebre (The Zebras)
Founded
1 November 1897
Ground
Stadio Olimpico,[2]Turin, Italy(Capacity: 27,500)
Chairman
Giovanni Cobolli Gigli
Head Coach
Claudio Ranieri
League
Serie A
2007-08
Serie A, 3rd
Home colours
Away colours
Current season
Juventus Football Club (BIT: JUVE) (from Latin[3] iuventus: youth, pronounced [juˈvɛntus]), commonly referred to as simply Juventus or Juve, is a football club based in Turin, Italy. Juventus is the most successful team in the history of Italian football.[4] Overall, the club have won 51 official trophies, more than any other Italian team; 40 in Italy, which is also a record,[5] and 11 in European and world competitions.[6] The Old Lady is the third most successful club in Europe and the sixth in the world with the most international titles officially recognised by one of the six continental football confederations[7] and FIFA.[8]
The club was the first Italian and Southern European side to have won the UEFA Cup.[9] In 1985, Juventus, the only team in the world to have won all official international cups and championships[7] (which includes all official European competitions[7] and the Intercontinental Cup),[10] became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major UEFA competitions.[11]
In Italy, Juventus is the club which has the biggest fan base,[12] having also one of the largest numbers of supporters in the world, with a total of 170 million Juventus's tifosi worldwide.[13] The club is a founding member of the European Club Association, which was formed after the dissolution of the G-14, a collection of Europe's most elite clubs.
At present, the bianconeri play their home games at the Stadio Olimpico di Torino. The stadium which the club owns, Stadio delle Alpi is undergoing long-term structural changes[2] and will not be completed for use until 2011.[14][15]
Contents[hide]
1 History
1.1 League dominance
1.2 European stage
1.3 The Lippi era
1.4 Recent times
2 Colors, badge and nicknames
3 Stadia
4 Supporters and rivalries
5 Current squad
5.1 Notable players
6 Presidential history
7 Managerial history
8 Honours
8.1 National titles
8.2 European titles
8.3 World-wide titles
9 Club statistics and records
10 Contribution to the Italian national team
11 Juventus Football Club as a company
11.1 Shirt sponsors and manufacturers
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
//
[edit] History
For more information on this topic, see History of Juventus F.C..
Historic first ever Juventus club shot in 1898.
Juventus were founded as Sport Club Juventus in late 1897 by pupils from the Massimo D'Azeglio Lyceum school in Turin,[16] but were renamed as Football Club Juventus two years later.[17] The club joined the Italian Football Championship during 1900, wearing their original pink and black kit. Juventus first won the league championship in 1905 while playing at their Velodromo Umberto I ground and wearing their famous black and white stripes.[18]
There was a split at the club in 1906, after some of the staff considered moving Juve out of Turin.[19] President Alfredo Dick was unhappy with this and left with some prominent players to found FBC Torino which in turn spawned the Derby della Mole.[20] Juventus spent much of this period steadily rebuilding after the split, surviving the First World War.[18]
[edit] League dominance
Fiat owner Edoardo Agnelli gained control of the club in 1923, building a new stadium.[21] This helped the club to their second league championship by the 1925–26 season beating Alba Roma with an aggregate score of 12–1, Antonio Vojak's goals were essential that season.[18] The 1930s proved to be even more fruitful, the club won five consecutive league titles from 1930 through to 1935, most were under coach Carlo Carcano[18] with star players such as Raimundo Orsi, Luigi Bertolini, Giovanni Ferrari and Luis Monti amongst others.
Juventus had a new ground in the form of the Stadio Comunale, though for the rest of the 1930s and the majority of the 1940s they were unable to recapture championship dominance. After the Second World War, Gianni Agnelli was put in place as honorary president.[21] The club added two more scudetto championship's to their name in the 1949–50 and 1951–52 seasons, the latter of which was under the management of Englishman Jesse Carver.
Sivori, Charles and Boniperti.
Two new strikers were signed during 1957–58, in the form of Welshman John Charles and Italo-Argentine Omar Sivori, playing alongside longtime member Giampiero Boniperti. That season saw Juventus awarded with the Golden Star for Sport Excellence to wear on their shirt after becoming the first Italian side to win ten league titles. In the same season, Omar Sivori became the first ever player at the club to win the European Footballer of the Year.[22] The following season they beat Fiorentina to complete their first league and cup double, winning Serie A and Coppa Italia. Boniperti retired in 1961, he retired as the all-time top scorer at the club, with 182 goals in all competitions; a club record which would last for 45 years.[23]
For the rest of the decade the club won the league just once more in 1966–67,[18] However, the 1970s would see Juventus further solidify their strong position in Italian football. Under former player Čestmír Vycpálek they won the scudetto in 1971–72 and 1972–73,[18] with players such as Roberto Bettega, Franco Causio and José Altafini breaking through. During the rest of the decade they won the league two more times, with defender Gaetano Scirea contributing significantly. The latter of which was won under Giovanni Trapattoni, the man who would help the club's domination continue on in the early part of the 1980s.[24]
[edit] European stage
Michel Platini holding aloft the Ballon d'Or in bianconeri colours.
The Trapattoni-era was highly successful in the 1980s, the Old Lady started the decade off well, winning the league title three more times by 1984.[18] This meant Juventus had won 20 Italian league titles and were allowed to add a second golden star to their shirt, thus becoming the only Italian club to achieve this.[24] Around this time the club's players were garnering attention on a large scale; Paolo Rossi was made European Footballer of the Year and had led Italy to victory in the 1982 FIFA World Cup.[25]
Frenchman Michel Platini was also awarded the European Footballer of the Year title for three years in a row; 1983, 1984 and 1985, which is a record.[22] Juventus are the only club to have players from their club winning the award in four consecutive years.[22] Indeed it was Platini who scored the winning goal in the 1985 European Cup final against Liverpool, however this was marred by a tragedy which would change European football; the Heysel Stadium disaster, in which 39 people (mostly Juventus fans) were killed by the stadium wall collapsing when Liverpool supporters rioted, it has been named "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions"[26] and resulted in the banning of all English clubs from European competition.
With the exception of winning the closely contested Italian Championship of 1985–86, the rest of the 1980s were not very successful for the club. As well as having to contend with Diego Maradona's Napoli, both of the Milanese clubs Milan and Inter won Italian championships.[18] In 1990, Juventus moved into their new home; Stadio delle Alpi which was built for the 1990 World Cup.[27]
[edit] The Lippi era
Marcello Lippi took over as Juventus manager at the start of the 1994–95 campaign.[28] His first season at the helm of the club was a successful one, as Juventus recorded their first Serie A championship title since the mid-1980s.[18] The crop of players during this period featured Ciro Ferrara, Roberto Baggio, Gianluca Vialli and a young Alessandro Del Piero. Lippi lead Juventus to the Champions League the following season, beating Ajax on penalties after a 1–1 draw in which Fabrizio Ravanelli scored for Juve.[29]
Juventus record breaker Alessandro Del Piero.
The club did not rest long after winning the European Cup, more highly regarded players were brought into the fold in the form of Zinédine Zidane, Filippo Inzaghi and Edgar Davids.[30] At home Juventus won Serie A in 1996–97 and 1997–98, as well as the 1996 European Super Cup. Juventus reached the 1997 and 1998 Champions League finals during this period, but lost out to Borussia Dortmund and Real Madrid respectively.[31]
After leaving for a brief season, Lippi returned, signing big name players such as Gianluigi Buffon,[32] David Trézéguet, Pavel Nedvěd and Lilian Thuram, helping the team to two more scudetto titles in the 2001–02 and 2002–03 seasons.[18] Juventus were also part of an all Italian Champions League final in 2003 but lost out to AC Milan on penalties after the game ended in a 0–0 draw. The following year, Lippi was appointed as Italy's head coach, bringing an end to one of the most fruitful managerial spells in Juventus' history.[24]
[edit] Recent times
Fabio Capello became manager of Juventus in 2004, and lead Juventus to two more Serie A titles. But during May 2006, Juventus were one of five clubs linked to a Serie A match fixing scandal, the result of the scandal saw the club relegated to Serie B for the first time in their history, as well as being stripped of the two titles won under Capello.[33]
Many key players were sold, however, other big name players remained to help the club return to Serie A. The season was notable because Alessandro Del Piero broke club records, by becoming the first Juventus player to appear 500 times in all competitions for the club.[34] The bianconeri were promoted straight back up as league winners after the 2006–07 season. Since their return to Serie A in the 2007-08 season former Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri is at the helm of the Old Lady..[35] They finished in 3rd place in their first return season and qualified for the third qualifying round of the 2008/2009 Champions League Preliminary stages.
[edit] Colors, badge and nicknames
Juventus' original home colors.
Juventus have played in black and white striped shirts, with white shorts, sometimes black shorts since 1903. Originally, they played in pink shirts with a black tie, which only occurred due to the wrong shirts being sent to them, the father of one of the players made the earliest shirts, but continual washing faded the color so much that in 1903 the club sought to replace them.[36]
Juventus asked one of their team members, Englishman John Savage, if he had any contacts in England who could supply new shirts in a color that would better withstand the elements. He had a friend who lived in Nottingham, who being a Notts County supporter, shipped out the black and white striped shirts to Turin.[36]
“
Juve have worn the shirts ever since, considering the colors to be aggressive and powerful.[36]
”
Juventus' current third kit.
Juventus Football Club's official emblem has undergone different and small modifications since the second decade of twentieth century. The last modification of the Old Lady's badge took place before 2004–05 season. At the present time, the emblem of the team is conformed to a black-and-white oval shield; a type of Italian shield specially used by ecclesiastics, it is divided in five vertical stripes: two white stripes and three black stripes, inside of this are the following elements; in its superior section, the name of the society superimposed a white convex section, over golden curvature (gold for honour). The white silhouette of a charging bull is in the inferior section of the oval shield, superimposed a black old French shield; the charging bull is a symbol of the Comune di Torino. There is also a black silhouette of a mural crown above the black spherical triangle's base is a reminiscence to "Augusta Tourinorum", the old city of the Roman era which the present capital of Piedmont region is its cultural heiress.
Juventus F.C. crest in 2004.
In the past, the convex section of the emblem had a blue color (another symbol of Turin) and, furthermore, its shape was concave. The old French shield and the mural crown, also in the inferior section of the emblem had, considerably, a greater size with respect to the present. The two Golden Stars for Sport Excellence were located above the convex & concave section of Juventus' emblem. During the 1980s, the club emblem was the silhouette of a zebra, to both sides of the equide's head, the two golden stars and, above this badge, forming an arc, the clubs name.
During its history, the club has acquired a number of nicknames, la Vecchia Signora[1] (the Old Lady) being the best example. The "old" part of the nickname is a pun on Juventus which means "youth" in Latin.[3] It was derived from the age of the Juventus' star players towards the middle of 1930s. The "lady" part of the nickname is what fans of the club referred to it as affectionately prior to the 1930s. The club is also nicknamed la Fidanzata d'Italia (the Girlfriend of Italy), because over the years they have received a high level of support from Southern Italian immigrant workers (particularly from Naples and Palermo), who arrived in Turin to work for Fiat since the 1930s. Other nicknames include; i bianconeri (the black-and-whites) and le zebre (the zebras[37]) in reference to Juventus' colors.
[edit] Stadia
For more details on this topic, see Stadio Olimpico di Torino, Stadio Delle Alpi and Stadio Motovelodromo Umberto I.
Stadio Olimpico di Torino, home ground from 1933 to 1990.
After the first two years (1897 and 1898) in which Juventus played the Parco del Valentino and Parco Cittadella, the matches took place internal Piazza d'Armi Stadium until 1908, except in 1905, the first year of the scudetto, and in 1906, years in which it played quickly Corso Re Umberto.
Later, from 1909 to 1922, Juventus played its internal competitions at Corso Sebastopoli Camp, and then move from the following year until 1933 to Corso Marsiglia Camp, where he won four league titles. At the end of 1933 began to play the new stadium Benito Mussolini (former Stadio Comunale Vittorio Pozzo and finally Stadio Olimpico di Torino), inaugurated in view of the 1934 World Championships. In that stage played 890 league matches for 57 years until 1990.[38] Even then continued to train at this stage, until the City of Turin, in 15 July 2003, gave him a royalty-free basis to Turin, giving the same "Delle Alpi" to the company.[39]
Stadio Delle Alpi, Juventus' home stadium since 1990.
Beginning in 1990 and until the 2005-06 season, the Torinese side has contested all home matches at Stadio Delle Alpi, which was built during the World Cup Italy 1990, although in very rare circumstances, the club instead played some "home" games in other stadia such as Renzo Barbera at Palermo, Dino Manuzzi at Cesena and the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza at Milan.[39]
In August 2006, the bianconeri returned to play in the Stadio Comunale, now with the stage name of Stadio Olimpico, after the restructuring of Stadio Delle Alpi during the Winter Olympic Games, plant able to accommodate 27,500 spectators.
[edit] Supporters and rivalries
For more details on this topic, see Derby della Mole, Derby d'Italia and Juventus Ultras.
Juventus supporters during a match.
Juventus is the most well supported football club in Italy with over 11 million fans (28% of Italian football fans), according to an August 2007 research by Italian newspaper La Repubblica,[12] as well as one of the most supported football clubs in the world, with approximately 170 million supporters[13] (43 million of them in Europe alone),[13] particularly in the Mediterranean countries, to which many Italians have emigrated.[40] The Old Lady has fan clubs all over the world outside of Italy, from places as far apart as Canada,[41] United States,[42] Malta,[43] San Marino,[44] England,[45] Iran,[46] Greece,[47] Israel,[48] Vietnam,[49] Malaysia, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Macedonia, Uruguay and many more.[50]
Despite this strong support, attendances at Juventus home matches average about 22,000, much less than many other highly renowned European teams. Contrastingly, demand for Juventus tickets in occasional home games held away from Turin is high; suggesting that Juventus have stronger support in other parts of the country. Juve is widely and especially popular throughout mainland Southern Italy and Sicily, leading the team to have one of the largest followings in its away matches,[51] more than in Turin itself.
Juventus ultras have good relationships with Piacenza, ADO Den Haag and Legia Warsaw fans and have several rivalries, three of which are highly significant.[52] The first is with local club Torino, they compete in the Derby della Mole (Derby of Torino) together; this rivalry dates back to 1906 when Torino was founded by former Juve members. The other most significant rivalry is with Internazionale; matches between Juventus and Inter are referred to as the Derby d'Italia (Derby of Italy). Up until the 2006 Serie A match-fixing scandal, which saw Juventus relegated, the two were the only Italian clubs to have never played below Serie A. Notably the two sides are the first and the third most supported clubs in Italy and the rivalry has intensified since the later part of the 1990s; reaching its highest levels ever post-Calciopoli, with the return of Juventus to Serie A. They also have a rivalry with ACF Fiorentina[53]
[edit] Current squad
First team squad, as of 1 September 2008 [54]
No.
Position
Player
1
GK
Gianluigi Buffon (vice captain)
3
DF
Giorgio Chiellini
4
DF
Olof Mellberg
5
DF
Jonathan Zebina
6
MF
Cristiano Zanetti
7
MF
Hasan Salihamidžić
8
FW
Amauri
9
FW
Vincenzo Iaquinta
10
FW
Alessandro Del Piero (captain)
11
MF
Pavel Nedvěd (vice captain)
12
GK
Antonio Chimenti
13
GK
Alex Manninger
14
DF
Jorge Andrade
15
DF
Dario Knežević
No.
Position
Player
16
MF
Mauro Camoranesi
17
FW
David Trézéguet
18
MF
Christian Poulsen
19
MF
Claudio Marchisio
20
MF
Sebastian Giovinco
21
DF
Zdeněk Grygera
22
MF
Mohamed Sissoko
27
MF
Albin Ekdal
28
DF
Cristian Molinaro
29
DF
Paolo De Ceglie
30
MF
Tiago
32
MF
Marco Marchionni
33
DF
Nicola Legrottaglie
For all transfers and loans for the current season, see List of Italian football transfers summer 2008.
[edit] Notable players
Main article: List of Juventus F.C. players
For a list of World, European and Olympic winning-footballers with the Italian national teams during their careers at Juventus F.C., see Juventus F.C. and the Italian national football team.
For a list of all former and current Juventus players with a Wikipedia article, see Category:Juventus F.C. players.
[edit] Presidential history
Juventus have had numerous presidents over the course of their history, some of which have been the owners of the club, others have been honorary presidents, here is a complete list of them:[55]
Name
Years
Eugenio Canfari
1897–1898
Enrico Canfari
1898–1901
Carlo Favale
1901–1902
Giacomo Parvopassu
1903–1904
Alfred Dick
1905–1906
Carlo Vittorio Varetti
1907–1910
Attilio Ubertalli
1911–1912
Giuseppe Hess
1913–1915
Gioacchino ArmanoFernando NizzaSandro Zambelli
1915–1918(cpg.)
Corrado Corradini
1919–1920
Gino Olivetti
1920–1923
Edoardo Agnelli
1923–1935
Name
Years
Giovanni Mazzonis
1935–1936
Emilio de la Forest de Divonne
1936–1941
Pietro Dusio
1941–1947
Giovanni Agnelli (Honorary president)
1947–1954
Enrico CraveriNino CravettoMarcello Giustiniani
1954–1955(int.)
Umberto Agnelli
1955–1962
Vittore Catella
1962–1971
Giampiero Boniperti (Honorary president)
1971–1990
Vittorio Caissotti di Chiusano
1990–2003
Franzo Grande Stevens (Honorary president)
2003–2006
Giovanni Cobolli Gigli
2006–present
Legend:(cpg.)Presidential Committee of War.(int.) Presidents on interim charge.
[edit] Managerial history
Below is a list of Juventus managers from 1923 when the Agnelli family took over and the club become more structured and organized,[21] until the present day.[56]
Name
Nationality
Years
Jenő Károly
.svg){kind=link}
1923–1926
József Viola
1926(int.)
József Viola
1926–1928
George Aitken
1928–1930
Carlo Carcano
.svg){kind=link}
1930–1935
Carlo Bigatto IºBenedetto Gola
1935(int.)
Virginio Rosetta
1935–1939
Umberto Caligaris
1939–1941
Federico Munerati
1941(int.)
Giovanni Ferrari
1941-1942
Luis Monti
/
1942(int.)
Felice Placido Borel IIº
1942–1946
Renato Cesarini
1946–1948
William Chalmers
1948–1949
Jesse Carver
1949–1951
Luigi Bertolini
1951(int.)
György Sárosi
1951–1953
Aldo Olivieri
1953–1955
Sandro Puppo
1955–1957
Ljubiša Broćić
1957–1959
Teobaldo Depetrini
1959(int.)
Renato Cesarini
1959–1961
Carlo Parola
1961(int.)
Name
Nationality
Years
Gunnar GrenJúlius Korostelev
1961(int.)
Carlo Parola
1961–1962
Paulo Lima Amaral
1962–1964
Eraldo Monzeglio
1964(int.)
Heriberto Herrera
1964–1969
Lùis Carniglia
1969–1970
Ercole Rabitti
1970(int.)
Armando Picchi
1970–1971
Čestmír Vycpálek
1971–1974
Carlo Parola
1974–1976
Giovanni Trapattoni
1976–1986
Rino Marchesi
1986–1988
Dino Zoff
1988–1990
Luigi Maifredi
1990–1991
Giovanni Trapattoni
1991–1994
Marcello Lippi
1994–1999
Carlo Ancelotti
1999–2001
Marcello Lippi
2001–2004
Fabio Capello
2004–2006
Didier Deschamps
2006–2007
Giancarlo Corradini
2007(int.)
Claudio Ranieri
2007–present
Legend:(int.) Managers on interim charge.Nationality is indicated by the corresponding FIFA country code(s).
[edit] Honours
Main article: Juventus F.C. honours
Historically, Juventus is the Italy's most successful team, having won a total of 40 trophies,[5] and one of the most prestigious football clubs in the world,[4] having won a total of 11 trophies,[6] making them the third most winning team in Europe and sixth in the world for official international competition won,[8] all recognized by Union of European Football Association and International Federation of Association Football.[6]
The Old Lady has earned the distinction of being allowed to wear a two Golden Stars for Sport Excellence (Stelle d'Oro al Merito Sportivo) on its shirt representing the league's victories of the bianconeri: the tenth, achieved during the 1957–58 season and the twentieth, in 1981–82 season. Juventus, the only football club in the world to have won all official international cups and championships,[7] has received, in recognition to win the three major European club competitions,[11] as first case in the history of the European football, The UEFA Plaque by the Union of European Football Associations in 1987.[57]
The Torinese side was placed 7th -and first between all Italian clubs- in the FIFA Clubs of the 20th Century's selection on 31 December 2000.
[edit] National titles
Serie A / Italian Football Championship: 27 [58] (record).
Winners: 1905; 1925–26;[59] 1930–31; 1931–32; 1932–33; 1933–34; 1934–35; 1949–50; 1951–52; 1957–58; 1959–60; 1960–61; 1966–67; 1971–72; 1972–73; 1974–75; 1976–77; 1977–78; 1980–81; 1981–82; 1983–84; 1985–86; 1994–95; 1996–97; 1997–98; 2001–02; 2002–03
Runners-up (19): 1903; 1904; 1906; 1937–38; 1945–46; 1946–47; 1952–53; 1953–54; 1962–63; 1973–74; 1975–76; 1979–80; 1982–83; 1986–87; 1991–92; 1993–94; 1995–96; 1999–00; 2000–01
Coppa Italia: 9 (record).
Winners: 1937–38; 1941–42; 1958–59; 1959–60; 1964–65; 1978–79; 1982–83; 1989–90; 1994–95
Runners-up (4): 1972–73; 1991–92; 2001–02; 2003–04
Supercoppa Italiana: 4
Winners: 1995; 1997; 2002; 2003
Runners-up (3): 1990; 1998; 2005
Serie B: 1
Winners: 2006–07
[edit] European titles
UEFA Champions League (former European Cup): 2[60]
Winners: 1984–85; 1995–96
Runners-up (5): 1972–73; 1982–83; 1996–97; 1997–98; 2002–03
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
Winners: 1983–84
UEFA Cup: 3[61] (record).
Winners: 1976–77; 1989–90; 1992–93
Runner-up (1): 1994–95
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1[6]
Winners: 1999
European Super Cup: 2[62]
Winners: 1984; 1996
[edit] World-wide titles
Intercontinental Cup: 2[10]
Winners: 1985; 1996
Runners-up (1): 1973
[edit] Club statistics and records
Main article: Juventus F.C. statistics and records
Alessandro Del Piero holds Juventus' official appearance record (560 as of 19 May 2008). He took over from Gaetano Scirea on 6 March 2008 against Palermo. Giampiero Boniperti holds the record for Lega Calcio Serie A appearances with 444.
Including all official competitions, Alessandro Del Piero is the all-time leading goalscorer for Juventus, with 241 goals -as of 19 May 2008- since joining the club in 1993. Giampiero Boniperti, who was the all-time topscorer since 1961 comes in second in all competitions with 182, but is still the top league goalscorer for the Old Lady as of June 2007.[63][64]
In the 1933–34 season, Felice Placido Borel II° scored 31 goals in 34 appearances, setting the club record for Serie A goals in a single season. Ferenc Hirzer is the club's highest scorer in a single season with 35 goals in 26 appearances in the 1925–26 season (record of Italian football). The most goals scored by a player in a single match is 6, which is also an Italian record. This was achieved by Omar Enrique Sivori in a game against Inter in the 1960–61 season.[18]
The first ever official game participated in by Juventus was in the Third Federal Football Championship, the predecessor of Serie A, against FBC Torinese; Juve lost 0–1. The biggest ever victory recorded by Juventus was 15–0 against Cento, in the second round of the Coppa Italia in the 1926–27 season. In terms of the league; ACF Fiorentina and US Fiumana were famously on the end of the Old Lady's biggest championship wins, both were beaten 11–0 and were recorded in the 1928–29 season. Juventus' heaviest championship defeats came during the 1911–12 and 1912–13 seasons; they were against Milan in 1912 (1–8) and Torino Calcio in 1913 (0–8).[18]
The Old Lady holds the record for the most goals in a single season, in the top flight of Italian football, this includes national league, national cup and European competition, with a total of 106 goals in the 1992–93 season. The sale of Zinédine Zidane to Real Madrid of Spain from Juventus in 2001, set the current world football transfer record for the most expensive deal, costing the Spanish club around £46 million.[65]
[edit] Contribution to the Italian national team
For more details on this topic, see Italian national football team.
Main article: Juventus F.C. and the Italian national football team
Overall, Juventus is the club that has contributed the most players to the Italian national team in its history,[66] they are the only Italian club that has contributed players to every Italian national teams since the 2nd FIFA World Cup.[67] Juventus have contributed numerous players to Italy's World Cup campaigns, these successful periods principally have coincided with two golden ages of the Turin club's history, referred as Il Quinquennio d'Oro (The Golden Quinquennium), from 1931 until 1935, and Il Ciclo Leggendario (The Legendary Cycle), from 1972 to 1986.
Below are a list of Juventus players who represented the Italian national team during World Cup winning tournaments;[68]
1934 FIFA World Cup (9); Gianpiero Combi, Virginio Rosetta, Luigi Bertolini, Felice Borel IIº, Umberto Caligaris, Giovanni Ferrari, Luis Monti, Raimundo Orsi and Mario Varglien Iº
1938 FIFA World Cup (2); Alfredo Foni and Pietro Rava
1982 FIFA World Cup (6); Dino Zoff, Antonio Cabrini, Claudio Gentile, Paolo Rossi, Gaetano Scirea and Marco Tardelli
2006 FIFA World Cup (5); Fabio Cannavaro, Gianluigi Buffon, Mauro Camoranesi, Alessandro Del Piero and Gianluca Zambrotta
Two Juventus players have won the golden boot award at the World Cup with Italy; Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990. As well as contributing to Italy's World Cup winning sides, two Juventus players Alfredo Foni and Pietro Rava, represented Italy in the gold medal winning squad at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Three bianconeri players represented their nation during the 1968 European Football Championship win for Italy; Sandro Salvadore, Ernesto Càstano and Giancarlo Bercellino.[69]
Juventus have also contributed to a lesser degree to the national sides of other nations. Zinédine Zidane and captain Didier Deschamps were Juventus players when they won the 1998 World Cup with France, making the total number of Juventus World Cup winners 24, more than any other club around the world (three other players in the 1998 squad, Patrick Vieira, David Trézéguet and Lilian Thuram have all played for Juventus at one time or another). Three Juventus players have also won the European Football Championship with a nation other than Italy, Luis del Sol won it in 1964 with Spain, while the Frenchmen Michel Platini and Zidane won the competition in 1984 and 2000 respectively.[70]
[edit] Juventus Football Club as a company
Since 27 June 1967 Juventus Football Club has been a joint stock company (Società per Azioni in Italian language)[71] and since 3 December 2001 the torinese side is listed on the Borsa Italiana.[72] Currently, the Juventus' shares are distributed between 60% to IFIL Investments S.p.A,[73] the Agnelli family's holding (a company of the Giovanni Agnelli & C.S.a.p.a Group),[74] 7.5% to Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Co.[75] and 32.5% to other shareholders.[75]
Along with Lazio and Roma, the Old Lady is one of only three Italian clubs quotated in Borsa Italiana (Italian stock exchange). According to The Football Money League published by consultants Deloitte, in the season 2005–06, Juventus was the third highest earning football club in the world with an estimated revenue of €251.2 million.[76]
[edit] Shirt sponsors and manufacturers
Period
Kit manufacturer
Shirt sponsor[77]
1979–1989
Kappa
Ariston
1989–1992
Upim
1992–1995
Danone
1995–1998
Sony / Sony Minidisk
1998–1999
D+Libertà digitale / Tele+
1999–2000
CanalSatellite / D+Libertà digitale / Sony
2000–2001
Ciao Web / Lotto
Sportal.com / Tele+
2001–2002
Lotto
FASTWEB / Tu Mobile
2002–2003
FASTWEB / Tamoil
2003–2004
Nike
2004–2005
Sky Sports / Tamoil
2005–2007
Tamoil
2007–present
New Holland (belongs to FIAT)
[edit] See also
Football in Italy
Italian football champions
FIFA Clubs of the 20th Century
International club competition records
UEFA club competition records
List of UEFA club competition winners
Timeline of football
Richest football clubs
[edit] References
^ a b Also Madama in Piedmontese dialect.
^ a b Stadio delle Alpi is undergoing structural changes according to "Stadium Project". juventus.com. Retrieved on 6 February 2006..
^ a b The name "Juventus" is a literal license in Piedmontese dialect of the Latin substantive iuventus (youth in English language).
^ a b "Juventus building bridges in Serie B". fifa.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2006..
^ a b Record for Italian football. The other Italian main clubs, Milan and Inter, have won a total of 45 and 30 official titles, respectively.
^ a b c d "European team profiles: Juventus F.C.". uefa.com. Retrieved on 26 December 2006.
^ a b c d "List of European official clubs' cups and tournaments". uefa.com. Retrieved on 21 August 2006.
^ a b Only Milan (with 18 titles), Boca Juniors (17), Independiente, Real Madrid (both with 15) and Al-Ahly (12) have won more official international titles.
^ "History of the UEFA Cup". uefa.com. Retrieved on 5 April 2008..
^ a b Up until 2004, the main FIFA football competition for clubs was the Intercontinental Cup (so called European / South American Cup); since then, it has been the FIFA Club World Cup.
^ a b The major European competitions are the European Champion Clubs' Cup (or simply European Cup), the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Cup. In the aggregate, the fact to win these three trophies is also known as the "Grand Slam", a feat achieved by only other two clubs since the triumph of the Old Lady in 1985: Ajax Amsterdam in 1992 and Bayern Munich in 1996.
^ a b "Research: Supporters of football clubs in Italy" (in Italian), La Repubblica official website (August 2007).
^ a b c "Juventus Football Club S.p.A: Objectives and Strategies", Juventus.com (October 2007).
^ ""A new stadium for a great Juve"". juventus.com. Retrieved on 6 February 2006..
^ ""Juve's Delle Alpi conundrum"". Channel4.com. Retrieved on 12 February 2008..
^ "History of Juventus", MagicaJuventus.com (8 June 2007).
^ "La Storia della Juventus - 1897-1900", JuventusStory.it (8 June 2007).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Modena, Panini Edizioni (2005). Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004.
^ "La Storia della Juventus - 1905", JuventusStory.it (8 June 2007).
^ "Football Derby matches in Italy", FootballDerbies.com (29 June 2007).
^ a b c "Juventus Football Club: The History", Juventus.com (9 August 2008).
^ a b c "European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")", RSSSF.com (8 June 2007).
^ "Del Piero is the hero again", International Herald Tribune (8 June 2007).
^ a b c "Campionato Serie A - Albo D'oro". Lega Calcio. Retrieved on August, 2007.
^ "Paolo Rossi (Italy)", Planet World Cup (8 June 2007).
^ Quote from UEFA Chief Executive Lars-Christer Olsson in 2004, uefa.com
^ "Juventus - Stadio Delle Alpi", Football.co.uk (8 June 2007).
^ "Lippi stands down as Italy coach", TurkishPress.com (8 June 2007).
^ "Juventus Wins European Cup Final on Penalties", Herald Tribune (8 June 2007).
^ "United's glorious comeback", BBC.co.uk (8 June 2007).
^ "Juventus", European Cup History (8 June 2007).
^ Gianluigi Buffon at UEFA
^ "Italian trio relegated to Serie B", bbc.co.uk (14 July 2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-14.
^ "Del Piero: 500 times Juve!", Channel4.com (8 June 2007).
^ "Ranieri appointed Juventus coach", BBC News (2007-06-04). Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
^ a b c Article "Black & White", Notts County F.C. official website (21 May 2007). Extracts taken from the Official History of Notts County and article kindly reproduced by the Daily Mail.
^ The zebra is Juventus' official mascot because the black and white vertical stripes in its present home jersey and emblem remembered the zebra's stripes.
^ "Juventus places: Olympic Stadium (Stadio Olimpico di Torino)", Juventus.com (12 March 2008).
^ a b "Juventus places: Delle Alpi Stadium (Stadio Delle Alpi)", Juventus.com (12 March 2008).
^ "Napoli: Back where they belong", FIFA official website (2007-06-22).
^ "Juventus Club DOC Toronto "Roberto Bettega"" (in italian), Canadian Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Club Boston", American Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juve "Vero Amore" Supporters Club" (in italian), Maltese Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Club San Marino" (in italian), San Marinian Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Club Londra", English Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Iranian Juventus Fan Club", Iranian Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Gruppo Greco Juventus", Greek Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Club Israel", Hebrew Fan Club (2007-06-08).
^ "Juventus Fan Club in Vietnam", Vietnamese Fan Club (2006-06-08).
^ "Centro Coordinamento Juventus Club DOC" (in Italian), Juventusclubdoc.it.
^ "Supporters by region" (in Italian), calcioinborsa.com.
^ "Italian Ultras Scene", View from the Terrace (2007-06-09).
^ "Juve chief: Let's beat Inter", Channel4.com (2007-06-08).
^ "ROSA" (in Italian). Juventus FC. Retrieved on 2008-09-01.
^ (Italian) "List of Juventus F.C. Presidents", Juworld.net (8 June 2007).
^ "List of Juventus F.C. managers", MyJuve.it (25 July 2007).
^ (Italian) "All start 'with a little' poetry". Gazzetta dello Sport's Historical Archive. Retrieved on 24 May 1997.
^ The 2004–05 and 2005–06 Italian League championship titles were stripped as consequence of the 2006 Serie A scandal.
^ Up until 1929, the top division of Italian football was the Federal Football Championship; since then, it has been the Lega Calcio Serie A.
^ Up until 1992, the European football's premier club competition was the European Champion Clubs' Cup; since then, it has been the UEFA Champions League.
^ The European Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (1958–1971) was a football tournament organized by foreign trade fairs in European seven cities (London, Barcelona, Copenhagen, and others) played by professional and –in its first editions- amateur clubs. Along these lines, that's not recognized by the Union of European Football Associations. See: "History of the UEFA Cup". uefa.com. Retrieved on August, 2006..
^ The UEFA Super Cup 1985 final between the Old Lady and Everton, 1984–85 Cup Winners' Cup winners not played due to the Heysel Stadium disaster. See: "History of the UEFA Super Cup". uefa.com. Retrieved on August, 2006..
^ "Giampiero Boniperti playing records", MyJuve.it (8 June 2007).
^ "Alessandro Del Piero playing records", MyJuve.it (8 June 2007).
^ "Zidane - symbol of Real's dream", BBC.co.uk (9 July 2001).
^ "Italian national team: J-L Italian club profiles". Italian national team records & statistics. Retrieved on November, 2006..
^ "Juve players at the World Cup". juventus.com. Retrieved on 7 July 2006..
^ "Italian National Team Honours - Club Contributions", Forza Azzurri (8 June 2007).
^ "European Championship 1968 - Details Final Tournament", RSSSF.com (8 June 2007).
^ "European Championship", RSSSF.com (8 June 2007).
^ (Italian) "Juventus F.C. S.p.A: Company information (.PDF Archive, page 53)", Consob official website (24 May 2007).
^ (Italian) "IPO: Juventus Football Club", Borsa italiana official website (31 March 2007).
^ "IFIL Portfolio Structure", IFIL Investments S.p.A official website (31 March 2007).
^ "IFIL in the Agnelli Group", IFIL Investments S.p.A official website (31 March 2007).
^ a b (Italian) "Borsa italiana profiles: Juventus Football Club (.PDF Archive)" (PDF), Borsa italiana official website (31 March 2007).
^ "Real Madrid stays at the top", Deloitte UK (8 June 2007).
^ "Juventus: facts, figures", Juventuz.com (8 June 2007).
[edit] External links
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_F.C."
Categories: Companies listed on the Borsa Italiana Juventus F.C. Italian football clubs Football (soccer) clubs established in 1897 Publicly traded sports companies Football clubs in Piedmont and Aosta Valley Italian football (soccer) First Division clubs G-14 clubs Serie A clubs Serie B clubs Scudetto winners Coppa Italia winners
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